We are witnessing the rise of universities in Europe in the 13th century. Thus, already, the copyist monks are called upon to carry out an increased production of books. An intellectual demand developed at the end of the Middle Ages. In addition, at the technical level, the mastery of iron became cl
At the end of the Second World War, two distinct blocs clashed. The United States and the USSR enter the “Cold War”. This conflict will last throughout the second half of the XXe century, until the fall of the USSR. The intensity of this conflict is not uniform over time:strong tensions exist betwee
In 1954 the Algerian war began. But faced with a conflict that escalates, successive governments fail to provide an adequate response to the decolonization movement that has been underway since the end of the Second World War. On April 26, 1958, thousands of people demonstrate in Algiers to demand a
Germany, an ally of Japan during the Second World War, surrendered on May 8, 1945 to the Allies. The last front is therefore that of the Pacific, where Japan and the United States clash. August 6 and 9, 1945 Procedure Even if it is alone, Japan is still a potential danger:Japanese soldiers fight
At IIIth century before Christ, Rome had just conquered all of Italy. She quickly opposes Carthage, a former Phoenician colony which economically dominates part of the West. It has counters in Sicily, Sardinia, North Africa, in part of Spain (Hispania), etc. But, the Mediterranean can serve only one
Since the French Revolution began in 1789, European monarchies have feared the spread of Enlightenment ideas. They then decide to join forces to fight France. The first coalition took place from 1793 to 1797. The second coalition (England, the Two Sicilies, Turkey, Russia and Austria) began in 1799.
In 1516, the King of France, Francis I, obtained unprecedented power over the Church of the kingdom from Pope Leo X:the Concordat of Bologna. From then on, the king had nothing to gain by letting Protestantism spread, quite the contrary; the persecutions against the Huguenots started quickly with th
In Iran, in 1979, the Iranian revolution took place, known as the Islamic revolution, which saw the overthrow of Shah Pahlavi. He is criticized for being too close to the West, for renouncing Islamic traditions, but also for the hardening of the regime towards opponents. The opposition movement over
The Grand Alliance disappeared at the end of the Second World War. The USSR kept under its control the countries of Eastern Europe that it had liberated and, in 1946, Churchill warned the world against the iron curtain that had fallen on Europe. The world is now divided into two camps with competing
In 1954, the Geneva Accords put an end to the Indochina War but worsened the situation in Vietnam:it was then divided between the Communist North supported by the USSR:the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, presided over by Ho Chi Minh; and the pro-American South:the Republic of Vietnam, presided over
Saddam Husseins Iraq emerged impoverished from an eight-year war against Iran, which lasted from 1980 to 1988. At the end of the war, the small emirate of Kuwait decided to increase its production of oil by 20% without consulting the OPEC countries, thus causing the price of oil to fall:because of t
September 1792 to October 1795:during the French Revolution, an assembly called the National Convention is in power. It is at the origin of the First Republic. One of his first decisions was to recruit by lot 300,000 men for the war against the European monarchies:Austria, Prussia, Spain and England
The death of Charles IV le Bel (king of France), the last Capetian king, engendered a conflict of succession between Philippe VI of Valois (king of France), and Edward III of Plantagenêt (England), which triggered the Hundred Years War. 1337-1453 Characters Charles V, the Wise Charles VI Char
18 months after the September 11 attacks, while the United States was bogged down in Afghanistan, George W. Bush decided to attack Iraq, which was not involved in the conflict. The American president believes that Iraq supports terrorism. But, unable to prove the presence of terrorists, the Bush adm
The Soviets had maintained relations with Afghanistan since the 1950s:they notably helped the power in place to introduce social reforms. Political movements upset the country until the putsch of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), with Marxist tendencies, on April 27, 1978. The Prim
The armies of Tsar Nicholas II have suffered heavy losses since he took over their command in 1915. Workers demonstrations in Petrograd (February 23-28, 1917), supported by rebellious soldiers, led to the abdication of Tsar Nicolas II on March 2. There followed cooperation between the soviets and th
Constitution of the Popular Front on July 14, 1935:it brings together the Socialist Party, the Communist Party and the Radical Party in an alliance of the middle classes with the working class (Maurice Thorez). Non-revolutionary, the slogan of the Popular Front is bread, peace, freedom, and its mode
From the 13th century with the Crusades, the development of trade with the Arab world and stories like that of Marco Polo, Europe dreams of new horizons. In the XIVth century, the gold deposits were exhausted and the Ottoman Empire blocked the silk road:it became urgent to explore new routes to find
In the spring of 1789 France, plunged into economic, political and social chaos, experienced an unprecedented insurrectionary movement... Following the failure of the Estates General (Extraordinary Assembly convened by the King in the event of a crisis, bringing together the clergy, the nobility and
The National Convention was a constituent assembly that governed France during the French Revolution, from September 1792 to October 1795. While the French monarchy was going through a difficult period, it convened the Estates General in 1789. The people rose up at the same time. The Third Estate co
The Gallic War refers to the campaigns of subjugation of the Gallic peoples led from -58 to -52 by the Roman general Julius Caesar. The winner himself took it upon himself to recount (and justify) his successes in his famous Comments . If the defeat of Vercingetorix at Alesia and the conquest of G
The Rise of Julius Caesar The names of two warriors emerged prominently in the crowds of the wealthy landowners of Rome in those days. The first was Pompey and the second was Julius Caesar. Caesar earned fame by conquering Gaul (France). After some time, Caesar conquered Britain and forced the worl
In the spring of 1664 another Turkish invasion of the lands of the Habsburg Empire was underway. A large Ottoman army had advanced as far as Hungary and Slovakia. The Turks spread over a large area facing the small Austro-German forces of Marshal Montecucoli. Montecucoli deployed his approximatel
The Christian world undertook against the Muslim nine crusades or religious wars in dispute for control of the Holy Land. The ninth and last, which some consider only an extension of the previous one, took place between 1271 and 1272. It was led by Prince Edward I of England, who took over from King