At the end of the Second World War, two distinct blocs clashed. The United States and the USSR enter the “Cold War”. This conflict will last throughout the second half of the XXe century, until the fall of the USSR. While tensions between East and West grew rapidly in the late 1940s (Berlin blockade
The French Revolution plunged France into chaos and political instability. After the Terror, the political regime of the Directory failed to impose itself. This fragility favors the coup detat of Napoleons 18 Brumaire which proclaims the Empire. After the conquests and the glory, the emperor bowed t
The First Republic is gradually giving way to the Terror. The extreme violence of the Montagnards endangers the kingdom and their execution is a sign of appeasement. The Directory, a five-headed government, was created to prevent any risk of tyranny. The people are freed and morals too, the Thermido
If some scientists had mentioned that the Earth can revolve around the sun, what is called heliocentrism (helios meaning sun in Greek), like Philolaos of Croton (Ve century BC) or Aristarchus of Samos (IIIth century BC), their theories have not, according to Archimedes, been studied. Ptolemy and Ari
In the 15thth century, the wealth of the clergy often leads a corrupt life and contributes to the weakness of a Church which has not been able to reform itself. Among other things, the scandal of indulgences provoked in 1517 the beginning of a Protestant Reformation carried by Luther and which sprea
The construction of the Berlin Wall took place during the Cold War, which opposed the two victorious superpowers of the Second World War:the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Germany, at the end of the Second World War, was divided into four zones, each being administ
In 771, Charlemagnes brother, Carloman, had just died. Immediately, the elder brother recovers the territory of his younger brother and becomes the sole king of the Franks (December 4, 774). He thus reunifies the kingdom as his father, Pepin the Short, had forged it. 772 to 804 Characters Charle
Roman power extends around the Mediterranean. The kingdom attracts the ambitious, like Julius Caesar who would like to take the lead of this great Roman territory. He opposes Pompey, a victorious general, so he decides to go in search of military glory. The Senate, which mistrusts Caesar, enjoins hi
After the first abdication of Napoleon Ist on April 6, 1814, the victorious European powers met in Vienna to negotiate and redesign a new European order. These four great powers are the monarchies hostile to the Revolution and wishing to preserve a monarchical order in Europe; there are Great Britai
The unity of the SFIO was disrupted by the adhesion of almost all socialists to the Sacred Union. However, with the war lasting longer than expected, supporters of pacifism disputed the legitimacy of the Sacred Union. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Treaty of Brest Litovsk of 1918 aroused the
XIXe century:first formulation of a project for political Europe, with in particular Victor Hugo who speaks of the “United States of Europe”. 1920:Count Coudenhove-Kalergi proposes the creation of a pan-European union with the aim of avoiding the horrors of the First World War forever. 1943:in the m
The young king of France, François 1st , is still crowned with glory following its victory against the Holy League – a coalition composed of the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Milan, the Swiss Confederates mercenaries of the Holy Empire, and the Pope – which took place in Marignan on 13 and Septemb
In 313, the emperors Constantine and Lucinius, who ruled part of the Roman Empire, wanted to establish religious peace. In this regard, on June 13, 313 (thanks to a circular improperly called the “Edict of Milan”), they granted religious freedom, particularly to Christians who until then had been pe
Since the 16th century, Algeria was under the Ottoman regency. In 1798, France bought wheat from Jews in Algiers for the Napoleonic expeditions. In 1827, Dey Hussein demanded payment for this wheat from the French consul. Feeling insulted by the consuls answer, the dey then gives him a few blows of
1958:the constitution of the Vth Republic comes into force. The President of the Republic becomes the keystone of the regime as he plays a key role. However, the constitution provides that if the president does not obtain a parliamentary majority (National Assembly and Senate), that is to say in the
The French presence in Algeria was essential in 1830 when it won against the Turkish regency; but the difficulty in managing the country legally and administratively remains. Once freed from the Ottoman yoke, some, in Kabylia in particular, do not see favorably the presence of another imperialist. T
In 1517, the noble Ferdinand de Magellan left Portugal to become a Spaniard:he brought to the young Charles V a great project, that of making a complete tour of the globe for the first time in order to take its dimensions and establish a safe card. We do not yet know the exact size of the Earth, and
The Second World War allowed the Soviet Army to take most of Central and Eastern Europe and gradually, all the states liberated by the Red Army fell into a regime of peoples democracy (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, the GDR). Until 1989, people tried in vain to emancipate themse
The once flourishing city of Constantinople has been in decline since the Crusaders plundered it in 1204 and the establishment of the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). In 1453, it was greatly depopulated, and lost all its splendor with the reduction of trade. At the same time, the Ottoman
After periods of trouble, Pepin the Short, who became king of the Franks in 751 – the first of the Carolingian dynasty – managed to restore the unity of the kingdom of Septimania (south-eastern France) to Bavaria (south- east of Germany). He imposes a royal currency, and, as a defender of the Faith,
The MAC 50 The MAC model 1950 is a semi-automatic pistol developed from 1946 as part of the program of October 30, 1946 relating to the replacement of the too many models of handguns in the French armies with a single model. Presentation Of the two prototypes presented to the Armament Technical Se
The Weimar Republic was in force in Germany between 1919 and 1933 and was the transition period between World War I and Nazism. By Me. Cláudio FernandesIt is well known that the great economic and military power that stood out at the beginning of the First World War (1914-1918), by virtue of its mo
Collective behavior tends to be gregarious, something that manifests itself in both the aggressive and passive aspects. Some examples of the latter are found in the great massacres caused by wars or genocidal policies, in which the victims seem resigned to their fateful fate. That was precisely one
Muslims in other islands in the Indonesian archipelago, including Java, differ greatly from Muslims in Arabia and West Asia. Since the matriarchal authority used to be on these islands, so even after becoming a Muslim, they accepted the primacy of women instead of men. Here the right to divorce is