The Edict of Nantes, signed by Henri IV in 1598, offers Protestants freedom of worship, freedom of conscience and puts France on the path of tolerance. It also marks the end of the wars of religion. But, under Louis XIII, a rebellion of the Protestants of Béarn, who refuse to authorize the Catholic
The German offensive of May 1940 led to the collapse of the French army. France signs the armistice on June 22, 1940:it has lost the war. On July 10, 1940, the National Assembly gave full powers to Philippe Pétain, hero of the First World War:the IIIth Republic comes to an end, and Pétain retains ex
The Roman Church already separated in the XIth century of the Eastern Church. She knew how to impose herself in Europe by successfully fighting many heresies. But since the Great Schism of the West, at the end of the XIVth century, the Church is in full decline. Critics abound in the 16th century:th
The colorful character of Henry VIII, grand in his heritage but feared during his reign, partly explains the Anglican reform. When he came to the throne of England in 1509, Henry VIII was a devout Catholic. He opposes the Lutheran reform of 1517 and drives out the Protestants who nevertheless develo
The Battle of Guadalete in 711 marks the conquest of most of Hispania by the Muslims; only the Kingdom of Asturia, which corresponds to the North of Spain, remains Christian. Despite the reconquest of Catalonia by Charlemagne towards the end of the century and the recurrent Christian interventions i
Since the establishment of the status of Jews, all French and foreign Jews in the occupied zone had to register at the police stations in Paris and the sub-prefectures in the provinces. The raid was carried out at the request of the Nazi regime as part of its policy of extermination of all Jewish
Photo credit:©Olaf Tausch, 2009 Djoser reigns over Egypt around -2650, under the IIIth dynasty of the Old Kingdom, of which he is the second king. Under his authority, the country is unified. The necropolis of Saqqara, not far from Memphis, has always housed the tombs of kings. They are erected out
In 1954 the Algerian war began. But faced with a conflict that escalates, successive governments fail to provide an adequate response to the decolonization movement that has been underway since the end of the Second World War. If the war can find a favorable military outcome for France, the politica
In 1894, Alfred Dreyfus, a French staff officer of Alsatian and Jewish origin, was accused of having provided information on French military secrets to Germany. Found guilty, he was sentenced to prison. His family organizes his defense and the real traitor is identified:Commander Walsin Esterhazy. T
On July 10, 1942, Philippe Pétain obtained full powers and became the French head of state. For Pétain, the defeat of France is above all moral and political. He launched his National Revolution, authoritarian and conservative, under the slogan Work, Family, Fatherland. Developing a policy of collab
On January 21, 1924, Lenin, leader of the Russian Revolution, died. Joseph Stalin succeeds him at the head of Soviet Russia. He takes over the administration of Lenin and quickly sets up a reign of terror based on the cult of personality. The 1st December 1934, Sergueï Kirov, an early Bolshevik (Com
On May 5, 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates General at Versailles to try to find a solution to the economic crisis affecting France. They bring together the deputies of the clergy, the nobility and the third estate. On June 17, the deputies of the Third Estate proclaimed themselves the “National
Since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Europe has been placed under the surveillance of the Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria) aimed at preserving the Old Regime from revolutionary inclinations. Despite some uprisings in 1820 and 1830, the Europe of the Holy Alliance remained stable until 1848.
After the Second World War, Czechoslovakia lived under real communist domination:Moscow forced Prague to refuse the Marshall Plan (economic aid plan released by the United States to rebuild Europe) and the communists occupied positions important in the state. A purge took place in the 1950s, notably
Under the reign of Nero (from 54 to 68) the Roman Empire, strong and powerful, was at its peak. The emperor wishes to rebuild Rome in order to give it the splendor it deserves. Also, when the great fire of Rome broke out in 64, not far from the Circus Maximus, many people suspected Nero himself. To
The revolutionary movement isolates France from the rest of monarchist Europe. The country is therefore confronted with internal threats (counter-revolution) as well as external ones (coalition of European monarchies) generating significant political and social tensions. In August 1791, the declarat
Europe in the 19thth century, saw the appearance of nationalisms and the creation of nation-states (as in Germany in 1871, or in Italy, where we then speak of the Risorgimento Italian). This leads to a claim for the nations independence. A new European order has been put in place:a system of allianc
In 1789, France was in the midst of a social, economic and political crisis. Following the convocation of the States-General by the King, the deputies of the Third Estates met with the clergy and the nobility at Versailles, in the Jeu de Paume room. Inspired by the parliamentary monarchy across the
Napoleon III, thanks to the coup carried out on December 2, 1851, imposed himself and established the Second Empire. If the beginning of his reign is authoritarian, the emperor, as the years go by, carries out social, economic and political reforms. Thus, from the 1860s, he encouraged the taking of
In 1947, after many years of war, Europe was weakened and ruined. It cannot rebuild damaged infrastructure without help. Two nations emerged as the great victors of the Second World War:the United States on one side and the USSR on the other. Everyone is trying to impose their ideology (system of th
The impeachment of Dilma Rousseff took place on August 31, 2016 and was the second in the history of the Brazilian Republic. Dilma Vana Rousseff , president of the Federative Republic of Brazil since January 2011 (re-elected in the 2014 elections), was removed from office on August 31, 2016 through
In the article that we dedicated to the names of women in ancient Rome, we already said that the Roman nomination was more complex than is believed. Both in cinema and in literature we have become accustomed to seeing the typical compound names but in reality that did not obey free will but rather r
On August 10, 997 there was one of those events that represent a before and after in historical processes. The looting, by Almanzor, of the city where one of the most important Christian relics in Europe was found, the remains of the Apostle Santiago, was a turning point in the so-called Christian R
The story of Viriatus is the story of the hero that each town needs to maintain the memory of its origins. Although sometimes it is easy to think that it is also the history that Rome needed, to magnify the conquest of the most valuable territory that it achieved in its thousand years of history. Pe