At the end of the Second World War, Europe was at the end of its rope:the destruction was enormous, the infrastructures were in ruins, the lines of communication were destroyed. Despite the peace, people still live in conditions as difficult as during the war, food restrictions are still present, fo
The French Revolution has just swept away everything in its path. After the chaos caused by the Terror, the Directory established its power in a collegial manner in order to avoid the dictatorship of a single man. However, it is this same government that will reveal a man, and only one:Napoleon. All
General climate of “detente” in the Cold War after the Cuban crisis. Establishment on June 20, 1963 of the “red telephone” aimed at facilitating dialogue between the USSR and the United States. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1968. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Nikita Khrushchev
In the 15thth century, the Spanish and Portuguese expeditions made these two powers the first European empires with a powerful maritime fleet. The expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the discovery of the New World offered new economic prospects for Spain. The Portuguese, during their expe
On November 11, 1918, the Germans signed the armistice at Rethondes, inside a wagon in the forest of Compiègne. The Treaty of Versailles is one of the peace treaties ending the First World War. The world is strongly marked by this first industrial conflict, which affected both soldiers and civilians
In the 15thth century, great discoveries are multiplying and the world is expanding. In 1481, Pope Alexander VI reserved to Portugal the monopoly of the discovery of new lands in the bull (document signed by the pope) æterni regis But the glorious return of Christopher Columbus in 1493 changed the
1951:signing of the Treaty of Paris which created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), an organization which aims to support inter-European trade and prevent future war through the integration of Six members :Belgium, France, the FRG, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. 1954:failure of t
1957:The Treaty of Rome, or Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is signed on March 25. This is the birth of the European Economic Community (EEC). 1988:the European Council sets the objective of the gradual achievement of economic and monetary union and instructs the Delors Committee to
Since the end of the Cold War, the European Union has grown considerably, going from 13 members in 1990 to 27 today:3 new countries joined in 1995 (Austria, Finland and Sweden), 10 new members in 2004 (Eastern European countries) as well as 2 other countries in 2007. To be able to absorb all these n
At the end of the Great War, an international peacekeeping organization was created to prevent a new world conflict:the League of Nations (LN) was created in 1919. The outbreak of the Second World War highlights the failure of the League of Nations and its inability to ensure peace in the world. But
December 17, 1788, convocation of the Estates General by the King. From 1788 to 1789, drafting of notebooks of grievances by each order. From March to April, election of deputies throughout the kingdom. On May 5, Louis XVI summons the Estates General to find solutions to the economic crisis that is
The February 1848 revolution overthrew the July Monarchy to establish the Second Republic. After very progressive beginnings and the introduction of universal suffrage, the climate became more explosive in France, as the conservatives took over the reins of power. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elect
The fall of the Roman Empire in 395 led to a rivalry between its two capitals, Rome and Constantinople, the first of Latin tradition and the second of Greek tradition. In the early days of the Church, major decisions were made according to individual traditions, but gradually Rome claimed authority
The establishment of the FRG (German Federal Republic) - GDR (German Democratic Republic) took place during the Cold War, which opposed the two victorious superpowers of the Second World War:the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Germany, at the end of the Second World
The social crisis has been in place in Russia for a long time:the country had already experienced a revolution in 1905, but Tsar Nicolas II remained in power. The context is difficult, with an 85% rural population suffering from famine, an underdeveloped country subject to the dictatorship of the bu
During the 19th century, Europe experienced unprecedented demographic growth:between 1800 and 1900, the European population doubled, rising from 200 million to 400 million inhabitants. Agriculture is modernized, the use of fallow land (land that is not cultivated for a while to allow the restoration
In 1814, the Charter and the Restoration established a constitutional monarchy; but the high quota left little room for democracy, especially since Louis XVIII, faced with the Hundred Days, had been uncompromising against the Bonapartists and the Republicans. Between 1816 and 1820, the liberals were
Since 1830, Louis-Philippe has made the July Monarchy a liberal regime based on the Charter, an almost constitutional text. In 18 years of reign, France made a commercial leap:railway networks and banks developed, industry modernized, leading to the rise of the bourgeoisie and the impoverishment of
On July 27, 28 and 23, 1830, the Trois Glorieuses took place in Paris:this was a revolutionary movement that led to the fall of Charles X, a king who wanted a return to absolutism and who was illiberal (against individual freedoms). The July Monarchy is set up following these revolutionary days. The
On the eve of the French Revolution, the French colonial empire spanned three continents. The French West Indies, made up of Martinique, Guadeloupe and Saint Domingue, are of central importance for the metropolis:from an economic point of view, they allow:France to be the leading producer of sugar a
If someone thinks that the tricksters of esotericism are a product of our time, they are completely wrong. Quackery is as old as speech and history is full of impostors, storytellers and frauds:there have always been false and enlightened prophets who take advantage of their talk to do business. One
War operations in North Africa during the Second World War were characterized by a constant movement from east to west and tumbalin. In July 1941, Germans and Italians besieged Tobruk. In the besieging line of the Italians, the two hills of Spiria dominated. The two Spiria were two low hills at a ve
The battle of Stalingrad is well known in itself. In this conflict where street fighting was the norm, the Engineer played a de facto important role. Having pushed the Soviets to the eastern edge of the city, the head of the German 6th Army, General Paulus, considered that one more attempt was enoug
When the crowd of devout Catholics that gathers in Saint Peters Square waiting to see the long-awaited fumata The white one is in its place, the black one, indicating that there has been no agreement to elect Pope, he is usually deeply disappointed. Sometimes this situation is repeated more than onc