Pope Innocent III called for a crusade in August 1198, just months after his election, to liberate the Holy Land that Saladin had reconquered. The plan is to seize Egyptian ports to exchange them for Jerusalem. The kings of France and England were then at war while the Holy Roman Emperor still conte
In ancient Greece, if citizens had rights and duties, their participation and presence were not compulsory. However, as political life encroaches on the active life of citizens, sometimes depriving them of a days work, and therefore of salary, the latter willingly abandon their presence in the assem
At Vth century BC, a golden age for the city, Athens was at its peak economically, politically and culturally and extended its influence to other surrounding cities. Athens indeed emerged victorious from the Persian Wars and was considerably enriched thanks to the treasure of the Delian League. With
World War II began in September 1939, when France and Great Britain declared war on Germany. Japan is allied with Germany and Italy. Japan controls a very large part of the Southeast, and in particular a large part of China. When Japan occupied Indochina, administered by France, US President Frank
Thanks to his conquests, Julius Caesar considerably enlarged the Roman world. But such a large territory becomes fragile because it is difficult to control. Thus, the assassination of the dictator Caesar generates major instability and civil wars multiply. AD 29-180 Characters Octave Augustus M
Charlemagne built and stretched an Empire much like the Roman Empire. But, despite his various marriages, only one of his sons survived him:Louis the Pious. The latter therefore inherited the lands of his father, which remained unified. But Louis the Pious had four sons:his eldest son Lothair, Pepin
Image credit:SchoolMouv, story 6e __ e century, at its twilight. 395 Characters Theodosius the Great Arcadius Honorius Procedure Theodosius Ist , said the Great, was officially the last emperor to rule the united Empire, but it was short-lived. Indeed, the collegial power was largely privile
The Munich Accords of September 1938, signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy, “saved the peace” by granting Hitler the Sudetenland. But this one, despite its promises, continues to expand. War seems imminent between, on the one hand, France and Great Britain, and on the other, the G
At that time, and for several centuries already, Latin was no longer spoken in France, but replaced by different dialects, which we call the mother tongue. We thus find the language of Oc, Occitan, the language of Oil, Provençal, Breton, etc. Only Paris, or almost, speaks French, considering the oth
On the night of August 23 to 24, 1939, Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia signed a “non-aggression” pact, also known as the German-Soviet pact. The 1st September 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. Within the framework of the pact, Poland is divided in two:the Germans occupy the western part, the Russians the
Roman tradition, written between legend and history, considers that no less than seven kings, Sabines (first inhabitants of one of the seven hills of Rome), Latins or Etruscans succeeded each other before the foundation of the Roman Republic. Shrouded in legends - wasnt the first founder of Rome, Ro
June 3, 1944:the French Committee for National Defense takes the name of Provisional Government of the French Republic, headed by General de Gaulle. It declares null and void all decisions taken by the Vichy regime. October 21, 1945 Characters Charles de Gaulle Procedure On October 21, 1945,
The very first domestication by Homo sapiens seems to have taken place around 18,000 BC, with that of the dog, but it remains isolated. Homo sapiens is still nomadic at this time. However, the end of the last ice age (10,000 years BC), associated with the very old discovery of fire (-450,000 years a
The first prehistoric humans were nomads, living in hide huts or in caves. Predators, they moved according to the game and the gathering. But the discovery of fire (around 450,000 BC) and especially the end of the last ice age (around 10,000 BC) gradually changed their habits... -9500 Procedure
After the chaos of the Terror, the political instability oscillating between the Directory, the Empire, the Restoration, the July Revolution, the July Monarchy, the February Revolution of 1848 and the IIth Republic (1848-1851), France finally experienced, with the advent of the Second Empire (1852-1
Napoleon built the Empire on the horrors of the Revolution and attracted the wrath of the European royal courts, threatened by revolutionary ideals. The defeat of the Emperor during the Campaign of France marked the end of the Empire in 1814 and the restoration of the Monarchy by Monsieur, brother o
At the end of the Second World War, two distinct blocs clashed. The United States and the USSR enter the “Cold War”. This conflict will last throughout the second half of the XXe century, until the fall of the USSR. The intensity of this conflict was not uniform over time:strong tensions existed bet
Between 1800 and 1845, Ireland experienced a few episodes of food difficulties:food shortages affected the population, but these crises were resolved. The Irish produce enough food to feed themselves, but also to export abroad. In 1845, a fungus, mildew, developed in Europe. This disease particularl
In 1954 the Algerian war began. But faced with a conflict that escalated, successive governments were unable to provide an adequate response to the decolonization movement that had been underway since the end of the Second World War. In 1958, de Gaulle returned to power, proposing some Algerian auto
Homo erectus appeared about 1.8 million years ago in Africa, then moved to Asia and Europe. He succeeds Homo habilis who, as his name suggests, is skilled and masters the tools. The hominid race evolves little by little. The characteristic of Homo erectus is to be bipedal and above all to stand upri
The Habsburg Empire was Frances most persistent adversary from 1792 to 1815. A little-known aspect of its involvement in these wars concerns its ordinary national guards. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire there was a multi-ethnic state. In order to maintain his coherence he had to follow a particularly
The first stage of the excavations of a fortified Hellenistic site from the 2nd to 1st century BC, located at Cape Chiroza between the Kraimorie district and the fishing village of Chengene Skele in Burgas Bay, on the southern Black Sea coast of Bulgaria , was completed in July 2020, according to a
In the Spanish collective imagination it is well established that the Battle of Villalar , which occurred on April 23, 1521, was the end of the War of the Communities, which pitted the rebels of the cities of Castile against Carlos V. But was the battle of Villalar really the end of the war? The tru
On the third morning on April 16, the eyes opened early. We enjoyed the sunrise while sitting under the balcony of the bougainvillea on the same lawn and sipping tea. Even today we had called Putu at around ten oclock so that we could prepare breakfast and dinner for the day and take it with us. Mu