Since the discovery of Lucy, considered for almost 25 years and until the 2000s as the grandmother of humanity, then of Orrorin, the oldest hominid found dating from around 6 million years ago, the excavations have resumed with renewed vigor in Africa, the cradle of humanity… 2001 Characters Mah
In 1972, the French Yves Coppens (paleontologist) and Maurice Taïeb (geologist), as well as the American Donald Johanson (paleoanthropologist) created the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE). This expedition allows French and American researchers to work together and share their knowledge.
In 1940, World War II raged. In June, France has just suffered a defeat. The Germans occupied the northern part and, in the south, it was now Pétain, with the Vichy regime, who governed. De Gaulle calls for the Resistance. This is why archaeological excavations are not relevant. 1940 Characters
Since the discovery of the Lascaux cave in 1940, all hopes have been raised again for researchers who are relaunching excavations. Thus, in Ardèche, many speleologists in the region have suspected for some time now the existence of a cavity in the heart of the Combe dArc. Indeed, the presence of a b
The 2000s were booming years for paleoanthropologists. If Lucy (1974) remained for nearly 25 years the grandmother of humanity, the discoveries in 2000 of Orrorin, dating back to 6 million years BC, then of Toumaï in 2001, who himself lived around 7 million years before our era, upset scientific kno
In Tugen Hills, in the heart of Kenya, in the Lukeino deposit, north of Ecuador, a molar was discovered in 1974 by paleontologist Martin Pickford. But, in the absence of other clues, there is no certainty that it belongs to a hominid rather than an ape. 2000 Characters Ezra Kiptalam Cheboi Mart
On June 20, the deputies took the oath around Bailly in the Jeu de Paume room. Now reunited in the National Assembly, they decide not to leave the room before giving a constitution to France. This is the tennis oath. On July 14, Parisians besieged the Bastille prison. On August 4, the uprising of pe
European colonization found its golden age in the 19thth century. European countries are embarking on the colonization, among other things, of the African continent. Industrialization involves obtaining raw materials and finding economic outlets for production:colonization is a response to these exp
The Allies, following the campaign in Tunisia (November 17, 1942-May 13, 1943), drove the Axis forces out of North Africa; the capitulation was signed in Tunis on May 13, 1943. That same day Operation Husky was decided. Churchill, privileging the peripheral attacks in unexpected zones located in the
The landing in Sicily in 1943 marks the start of the Allies in European territory during the Second World War. On June 6, 1944, the Normandy landings and the battle of the same name led to the Liberation of Paris. Consequently, the American Eisenhower, who directs the command of the armed forces, wa
In 1942, to relieve Stalin who faced the IIIth Reich in the East, the Allies attempt to open a second front by landing in Dieppe. But faced with the Atlantic Wall (built on Hitlers orders by the German engineer Todt then the architect Speer and directed by Rommel) which lined the beaches with barbed
Holy places and relics occupied an important place in medieval Christianity. The Church, which had already justified the holy war during the Reconquista , will initiate several crusades all aimed at liberating the holy land, Jerusalem. Always stemming from a papal bull, the call to the crusade is re
Before the famous stock market crash of October 1929, preliminary signals pointed to economic difficulties. In 1926, in the United States, the real estate sector declined. Farmers are encountering great difficulties:European countries are importing less and less, thus leading to overproduction. At t
In the early 2000s, US banks invented subprime , a credit that allows you to lend a lot to small consumers who would usually have trouble repaying their debt, by allowing them to pledge their house. The interest rate depends on the value of the house:the higher the value, the lower the interest rate
At the beginning of the 19th century, Europe is experiencing an increase in population growth. The birth rate is increasing, while the death rate is decreasing. In addition, life expectancy is increasing thanks to improved food, hygiene and medicine. At the end of the 18th century, North-Western Eur
The beginning of the 1930s was marked in France by various difficulties. First of all, the American economic crisis of 1929 (the Great Depression) hits France:purchasing power decreases and unemployment increases. A political and moral crisis is also present:governments follow one another without fi
On January 21, 1924, Lenin, leader of the Russian Revolution, died. succeeds him as head of Soviet Russia. He takes over a centralized administration, and quickly sets up a reign of terror based on the cult of personality. Soviet Russia is a predominantly peasant country. The State decided to abolis
Established in 1946, the IVth Republic is a weak political regime due to its fickle parliamentary system. Ministerial instability prevents the implementation of a lasting policy, while France is tormented by the Cold War and the colonialist wars. Begun in 1954, the Algerian war caused a tense genera
In the Middle Ages and during modern times, a form of health and occupational insurance was provided by the corporation of each branch of trades. During the French Revolution, the “mutual aid societies” were launched. They will be supported by all the regimes of the XVIIIth century. 1898:the Mutual
1948:the representatives of the States of Western Europe meet in congress in The Hague to provide a legal framework for the United States of Europe. 1949:following the Hague Congress, a Council of Europe is created to guarantee respect for human rights in the countries of Western Europe. 9 May 1950:
Le Triomphant is a Le Fantasque-class destroyer that served in the French Navy. It was built in the Ateliers et Chantiers de France-Dunkerque and delivered in 1934, three years after it was ordered. Service At the outbreak of World War II, he was assigned to the Raid Force. From June 1940, the ship
September 1, 1939:Invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht (the German army). September 3:France and the United Kingdom declare war on Germany. May 10, 1940:Hitler launches his army into the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Quickly Belgium capitulated and the city of Calais fell. The Franco-British troop
In the winter of 1944, all the belligerent countries in the Second World War were clear that Germany had lost and the end of the conflict was only a matter of time, which Hitler was willing to delay. The Nazi leader, in effect, still tried to make a final and desperate move:the Unternehmen Nordwind
Plans of the Seraphic Mary. Armed by Mr. Gruel de Nantes for Angola, the ship carried barrels in the holds and 307 slaves piled up on the steerage. Engraving, 1770 • WIKIMEDIA COMMONS From the XVIth in the 19th century, about 25,000 slave convoys crossed the Atlantic. 443 shipwrecks and 148 expe