Naravas was a Numidian prince, a fine strategist and a skilled horseman. An unconditional admirer of Hamilcar Barca, the mercenary war allowed him to realize his plans:to fight alongside his idol. In -239, he arrived at the head of 2000 horsemen in the camp of Hamilcar and declared allegiance to him
General History of the Roman Republic of Polybius The Mercenary Revolt (241-238 BC) (Book I, Chapters 15-18) [15] The treaty of peace concluded and ratified, Amilcar led the army from the camp of Eryce to Lilybea, and there resigned the command. Gescon, governor of the city, undertook the task of
Mercenary War During the First Punic War, the Carthaginians used armies composed mainly of mercenaries (unlike the Romans), whose payment they settled after the wars, which until then had almost always been Punic victories. However, the First Punic War was a crushing Carthaginian defeat, and the R
Preparations for the expedition to Brittany Under the consulship of Lucius Domitius and Appius Claudius, Caesar, leaving winter quarters to go to Italy, as he was accustomed to do every year, orders the lieutenants he left at the head of the legions to build, during the winter, as many ships as pos
There were in this legion two centurions, men of the greatest courage and who were already approaching the first ranks, T. Pullo and L. Vorénus. There existed between them a continual rivalry, and each year they disputed the rank with an ardor which degenerated into hatred. As they fought stubbornly
The Battle of Morbihan was a naval confrontation which opposed in -56 the Roman fleet to that of the Vénètes. Causes of conflict The revolt broke out, while Julius Caesar, who was in Ravenna, believed Gaul had been pacified. Publius Crassus was at the time the commander of the Roman legions of Armo
The Gallic Wars is a decisive conflict between the Roman Republic and the peoples of Gaul, which took place from 58 BC to 51 BC. It opposed Julius Caesar and various heads of Gallic nations, including - in the final phase - the Arverne Vercingetorix. It is a major event in the history of ancient Ro
Year 58 BC Campaigns against the Helvetians and against Ariovistus Year 57 BC Campaign against the Belgians (Remi, Bellovaci, Nervians, Atuatuci) Year 56 BC Campaigns against Armorican cities Campaigns of Crassus in Aquitaine Year 55 BC Campaigns against the Germanic Usipetes and Tenctera F
The Gauls implore Caesars help against Ariovistus The Helvetian war being over, deputies from almost all of Gaul and the principal inhabitants of the cities came to congratulate Caesar; they well knew, they said, that his war against the Helvetii was the vengeance of the injuries done to the Roman
The Helvetians. Ambitious plans of Orgetorix. His death Orgetorix was, among the Helvetians, the first by birth and wealth. Under the consulate of M. Messala and M. Pison, this man, driven by ambition, conspired with the nobility and urged the inhabitants to leave the country with all their might;
Vercingetorix in Alesia. Caesar follows him Seeing all his cavalry in flight, Vercingetorix called in the troops he had lined up in front of the camp, and immediately took the road to Alesia, which is a town of the Mandubians, after hastily getting the luggage, which followed him. Caesar left his e
Xerxes I (or Ahasuerus I), born around -519, died in -465, Persian Great King, member of the Achaemenid dynasty. During the time of his father, Darius, he participated in campaigns in Egypt (-484) and Babylon (-482). King of Persia from -485 to -472, he was chosen by his father in preference to Ar
First Persian War The campaign of 492 Darius I did not forget the help, even derisory, provided by Athens and Eretria to Miletus. He is therefore preparing a punitive expedition against mainland Greece. For this he instructs his son-in-law Mardonios to take over Macedonia and Thrace, theoretically
Go, stranger, tell Sparta that here we lie, faithful to its laws The Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. J-C. opposes an alliance of Greek cities to the Achaemenid Empire. This is one of the most famous feats of arms in ancient history, outnumbered, the Greeks stand up to the enemy. The courage and
Mélophores The Melophores (from ancient Greek / hoi mélophoroi, literally “the apple bearers”), also called the Immortals, are a group of 10,000 spearmen who constitute the personal guard of the High King of Persia. According to Xenophon (Cyropedia, VII, 5, 66-68), the body is created by Cyrus
king of the Lacedaemonians from -491 to -480. Biography Leonidas belongs to the Agiades family. He is the youngest son of King Anaxandridas II and the successor of his brother Cleomenes I. He marries Gorgô, daughter of the latter. When the Persians entered Greece, with an army 250,000 strong, a c
It is certain that for the Persian sovereigns the defeat of Marathon is an additional reason to finish with Athens and it is necessary to consider the expedition of 480 BC. AD as a desire for revenge and a punitive expedition. Xerxes is encouraged by his impulsive and brutal character but also by th
Negotiations Mardonios the new Persian generalissimo declared after Salamis:The Cypriots, the men of Phoenicia, Cnide and Egypt, only were defeated, not the Persians who could not fight. This state of mind is indicative of the Persians desire to continue the fight despite the departure of Xerxes I.
The Persian Wars opposed the Greeks to the Persians (confused by the Greeks with the Medes, another Iranian people) at the beginning of the 5th century BC. AD The revolt of Ionia The revolt of Ionia represents a decisive episode towards the confrontation between Greeks and Persians. It originated f
Darius I († -486; in old Persian Dārayawuš, in ancient Greek Dareios), known as Darius the Great, is a great king of the Persian Empire; he belongs to the Achaemenid dynasty. Darius was born around -550. He is the son of Hystaspes, and the grandson of Arsames. In his inscription at Behistoun, Dariu
Irina Levchenko, who acted as a nurse, initially, but also as a T-34 crew chief until the end of World War II, was one of the greatest heroines of the Red Army. Irina Levchenko was born on March 15, 1924. She was a student when the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. She immediately en
On the island of Betio, the works had lasted more than a year. There was the Japanese headquarters of the Gilbert system and the only airfield in the archipelago, not to mention an incredible accumulation of defenses. The island was five kilometers long and at most 500 meters wide. Its entire shorel
In 1937 Japanese troops attacked Nanking , the then capital of China. After taking the city, the Japanese army, in a veritable genocide, killed more than 250,000 Chinese civilian residents. Mass executions, people burned and buried alive, beheadings, rapes, robberies, arson and other war crimes. It
The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is the main intelligence agency of the United States, created in 1947, at the same time as the Security Council (National Security Council). It is responsible for intelligence collection abroad, counterintelligence outside the United States, development and rese