Nothing was more important, nor more complex, nor more serious than this last provision; for it concealed, under its dull and purely administrative Rapp:rence, their philosophical conception which the Church always judged and will always judge inadmissible:Bible:that of the neutral school, no rope!
The movement initiated by the Guizot law of 1833 in this capital area was combined with the provisions of the Falloux law.Since 1850, public and private primary education was largely between the hands of the clergy. This was the case, above all, with the education of girls, provided by the sisters,
In March 1880, Freycinet, President of the Council, sensitive to the energy of others, informed the Senate that if it set aside Article 7, the government would take tougher measures in another form. The Senate nevertheless rejected the article.In response, the House, by a large majority, asked for t
Curiously, it was in the Republican Senate that Ferry encountered insurmountable resistance, the main representative of which was Jules Simon, the former council president of May 16, an illustrious irremovable senator. at the same time as a notorious spiritualist philosopher. Jules Simon, who was fr
Ferry wants to destroy the privileges that this law granted to the Church. He wants above all that the teaching staff of the State receive their fair representation in the Councils of Public Instruction. The law of February 27, 1880 relating to the Superior Council substitutes the principle of peda
Only one way of salvation remained possible:to reach Hassi-Messeguem without going through the water point. Before dawn, Pobéguin gave the order to leave. Unable to walk following a foot injury, he mounted a mehari, followed by three camels carrying the wounded and the rest of the column. From Amgui
All day the Tuaregs had followed the column, and they settled on a nearby plateau to watch the camps movements. After observing the mission for a long time, they waved a white cloth, and a Tuareg came to announce that they had dates, and that they would bring the sheep in the evening. Three skirmish
However, in the rear guard, under the orders of El Madani, the men had heard the shots. A panting camellia announced to them the massacre of the Tua regs. Without wasting a moment, El Madar hit the camels with his butts to make them turn back. A band of Tuaregs mounted on mehara, seeing their prey
The sun rose over the desert, striking with its first rays the motionless sentinels. On the horizon, the Hoggar mountains were colored pink. The night had been short, too short to rest the mission from the fatigue of the preceding days. A moment later, the general commotion threw the camp into excit
Then, before the assembled guard and under arms, the sentence is read by the government commissioner to the marshal who listens to it without a shudder. Is that all? asks Bazaine calmly.General Pourcet lowers his head in an affirmative gesture. Shoot me ASAP! simply murmurs the Marshal. Im ready!
The letter containing them, addressed to General Trochu, has not arrived. Later, General Trochu, having learned that a letter had been addressed to him, replied to him last July: The responsibilities are with those who wanted the war, then with the whole nation which preferred to flatter the Empire
The politicians who succeeded the military were no less precise, whether Gambetta or Jules Favre, the latter above all who, recalling one of the conversations he had had in Ferrières with Bismarck, brought to the accusation this sledgehammer argument: M. de Bismarck said to me:Are you quite sure of
The debates continued for more than six weeks. The greater part of it was occupied by the depositions of the witnesses, old companions of glory of the accused. Ten times the tragedy experienced by the Army of the Rhine was evoked: The troops were in terrible distress, General Changarnier soberly a
Does the General-President reproach him for not having stipulated anything precise in the negotiations he had started... I absolutely couldnt fix anything, he simply replies. I found myself without support, forced to take advice only from myself. For me there was only one legal government:that of
The questioning of identity and the calling of witnesses completed, the General Duke of Aumale gave the floor to Captain Castres, clerk, to read the accuseds service records. Born in Versailles in 1811, Bazaine, at the age of twenty, had enlisted. Two years later he was a second lieutenant, and in 1
At the time, there was some hesitation in political circles and in the upper echelons of the administration. A trial ? Was the young Republic strong enough to withstand the turmoil that a trial was sure to cause? Thiers, always cautious, considered that the blame inflicted by the Board of Inquiry wa
A door opened and the one everyone had been waiting for entered. He was in the undress of a Marshal of France:red trousers, a black tunic on which burst, from the right shoulder to the left hip, the broad shimmering band of the great cord of the Legion of Honor, a thin embroidery of oak leaves on th
Standing behind the long table covered with a green carpet which occupied the whole of the small side of the great gallery of the Trianon palace where the council of war was to sit, the general duc dAumale had just dropped these four words and, immediately , a profound silence fell on the crowd, whi
The Third Republic was stricto sensu the political regime of France from 1875 to 1940. However, this term generally includes the 5 years of hesitation preceding this regime (since the fall of the Second Empire in 1870). Started in a predominantly royalist and Bonapartist parliamentary context, the
President of theFrench Republic Patrice de Mac-Mahon 3rd President of the Republic Elected on Appointment May 25, 1873 by the Assembly Extended for 7 years on November 20, 1873 Presidency May 24, 1873 January 30, 1879 Predecessor Adolphe Thiers Successor Jules Grévy Born July 13, 1808 in S
The end of the Christian rule over the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire marks the end of the Middle Ages in the history of Europe and the end of the Dark Ages in Europe and the beginning of a new era of knowledge and consciousness. It was as if Europe had woken up from its slumber with a great st
In the early days of the conflict, the main troop transport aircraft and liaison used by the French were German surpluses from World War II. Junkers Ju 52s and Fieseler Storchs fought in the fogs of North Vietnam or landed on hard-packed mud tracks in the delta, but they were later replaced by Ameri
Dear lovers of the most exalted ancient culture, today I would like to introduce you to none other than Philokles , one of the great persons of Egyptian national history . Doesnt ring a bell, you say? Could I introduce myself. The things Philokles dealt with were not all equally kosher, and history
Empire Carolingian it is how we know the period of the Kingdom of the Franks in which the Carolingian Dynasty existed. This dynasty ascended to the Frankish throne from 751, when Pepin the Short was crowned king, and lasted until the end of the 10th century, when the Carolingians lost the throne to