The British officials of India took the demands of the Muslim League hand-in-hand and in AD 1909 they announced the Marley-Minto Reform Act. The unity of Indias national movement was derailed through this act. Marley-Minto Reform Act Marley-Minto Reform Act Through the Ghori government of India,
The Indian National Congress was established in AD 1885. Since then she had been leading the Hindus and Muslims jointly, but when the Viceroy Lord Minto organized a separate Simla-conference of Muslim leaders in AD 1906, giving them the mantra to fight separately from the Congress for their rights,
Lord Mintos invitation to Muslim leaders When the Congress started demanding independence of the country, the British bureaucrats decided to take advantage of the concerns of the Muslims. Smith, the personal secretary of the Viceroy Lord Minto (E.1905-10), wrote a letter to Archibald, the principa
After the partition, once again the extremist leaders started dominating the Congress. They did not believe in the policy of application and solicitation and also did not consider the policy of cooperating with the British Empire by Indians. He wanted Swarajya for the Indians and felt the need of a
The British power was playing its political bets in India completely regardless of the demand of the Indians. The Bengal in which the British had established the first British province, taken away from Nawab Siraj-ud-daula and Mir Jafar, included a vast territory up to Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Orissa a
The Congress was established with the approval of the Viceroy Lord Dufferin and the objective of the government behind its establishment was to divert the violent path of the national movement to the constitutional path. The government was confident that the leadership of the Congress would be in th
Liberal leadership or Moderate Congress The struggle for the independence of India started with the establishment of the British state. With the rise of the press in the 18th century, Indians started getting a platform to demand their rights. This is the reason that the history of Congress from AD
Congress Form There was a great difference of opinion among scholars regarding the nature of Congress. Although Madrasi, Marathi and Parsis had as much hand in its formation and development as Bengalis, but some people called it the Bengali Congress. Some people called it Hindu Congress. Some call
As soon as Rahmat Ali in AD 1933 Pakistan Introduced the concept of a nation called, that concept overnight became famous among Muslim youth living in London. When newspapers around the world started making noise about it, the air fantasies of the Muslim League got new wings. Now the Muslim League
In AD 1933, a student named Rahmat Ali prepared a proposal in which it was said that Indian Muslims should separate their state from the Hindus. Rahmat Ali was studying in Britain and was 40 years old at that time. He said in his proposal that the talk of keeping India intact is very ridiculous and
Poona-Pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar Gandhiji strongly opposed the communal award, especially the provisions separating the Dalits from the Hindus and sat on a fast unto death on 20 September 1932. Dr. Ambedkar observed this fast as political cunning Told. Some people called it a way to get thei
Demand to make Sindh a Muslim-majority province Immediately after the Allahabad Conference of 1930 AD, the first Round Table Conference was held in London in AD 1931 in which the representatives of the Muslim League demanded the reservation of seats in the Indian Legislative Assemblies for the Mus
Simon Commission Report In 1930, the report of the Simon Commission was published. The main suggestions made in this report were as follows- (1) Responsible government should be established by abolishing dual rule in the provinces. (2) A federal government should be established for India. (3) T
Forced by the ongoing revolutionary movements in India and the activities of the Swaraj Party, in AD 1927, the British government appointed Simon Commission to advise about constitutional reforms in India. All the members of this commission were British. That is why it is also called White Commissio
Mohammad Iqbal is also known as Allama Iqbal. He was born on 9 November 1877 in Sialkot district of Punjab (now Pakistan). Iqbals ancestors were Brahmins who believed in Kashmiri Shaivism. This family lived in a village called Spran, located on the road leading from Shopian to Kulgam, so they were c
The future father of Pakistan was painted in English colors In the brief period from AD 1934 to AD 1947, Jinnah and Gandhi were considered political enemies of each other on the sky of Indian politics. Gandhiji was completely painted in Indian colour, such a comet of politics that no other man in
The rise of Jinnah in Indian politics was one of the main factors that led the country towards Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in AD 1876 in the house of a big Muslim merchant in Karachi. It is prevalent in India that Jinnahs ancestors were Gujarati-Hindu, while Pakistanis believe that his an
Victorious World Tricolor Cute When India started burning in the fire of communal violence, in order to remind the Indians of their pride, in AD 1924, Shyamlal Councilor wrote a flag-song for the Congress, which became so famous that the Congress morning on the melodious tunes of Harmonium and Dho
In May 1945, an agreement was reached between Bhulabhai Desai, leader of the Congress in the Central Legislative Assembly, and Liaquat Ali, the leader of the Muslim League, to form a provisional government at the Centre. It was decided that 40 percent of the posts in this government would be for the
Sapru Yojana In December 1944 a committee was constituted under the chairmanship of Tej Bahadur Sapru. On the question of whether the provinces and states should join or remain separate from the proposed Indian Union, the Committee recommended that no province of British India would have the optio
Being left-handed is not easy, neither in Antiquity nor today. At all times and in all civilizations there was a bias bias in favor of right-handers. In fact the right it was associated with the good, ceremonies, food, the gods, healing... while the left was for all the bad things, such as curses, i
Atapuerca , location of several limestone caves near Burgos in Northern Spain , known for the abundant human (genus Homo ), discovered there from 1976 Sima del Elefante (Elephants Pit) contains the earliest evidence of humans in western Europe - fragments of a jawbone and of Teeth d
The mans armor gleams in the midday sun, lances and harness jingle. On July 1, 1097 AD, Godfrey of Bouillon charged at the enemy Seljuk army on horseback, with his troop of knights next to him. As one of the first crusaders in the Middle Ages, the duke spreads fear and terror among his enemies. Espe
The Zouaves are a type of infantry unit, which existed in few armies:Ottoman Empire, France, Papal States, United States, for a short period (1830-1962). They owe their name to the Kabyle tribal confederation of Zouaouas (Igawawen in Kabyle). These provided soldiers to the Turks and after the captur