The Great Life of the Sikh Gurus In Sikhism, from Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh, there were ten Gurus named respectively (1.) Nanak, (2.) Angad, (3.) Amardas, (4.) Ramdas, (5.) Arjun Dev, (6.) Hargobind, (7.) Har Rai, (8.) Harkrishna Rai, (9.) Teg Bahadur and (10.) Govind Singh. Each Guru at his
Major texts of Sikhism Adi Granth (Pothi Sahib or Gyan Guru Granth Sahib) Sikh religious text Shri Adi Granth or Gyan Guru Granth Sahib Is. It is called Adi Guru Darbar Or Pothi Sahib Also called. Basically, Bhai Gurdas ji prepared this book by taking compositions from the books of old erstwhile g
Consider mercy as your mosque, goodness and sincerity as your means of prayer, whatever is just and just, that is your Quran. Take humility as your Sunnah, take courtesy as your fast, thus you will become a Muslim. -Guru Nanak Guru Nanak First Guru of Sikhs Nanak Dev He was the founder of Sikh r
Aarain (lower caste) and Sayyid (upper caste) keep being born here and there, God does not care about caste. He shuns the beautiful and embraces the ugly. If you want garden-bahar (heaven), then become the servant of the Aryans. What does the bully ask? Thank you for the world created by the One abo
Spread of Islamic Empire During the life of Hazrat Muhammad, Islam dominated most of the Arabian land. After his death there was a rapid spread of the Islamic State under the leadership of the Caliphs. The Arabs organized and started a campaign of political conquest along with the spread of Islam.
The Caliphates Climax Caliph Khalaf of Arabic Derived from the word, which means- Son Worthy That is, a worthy son, but Khalifa means Jaan-Nashin or successor. After the death of Hazrat Muhammad, those who succeeded him were called Khalifa. Initially, the Caliph was elected with the consent of the
Principles of Islam According to the Quran, every Muslim has five duties - Kalma, Namaz, Zakat, Ramzan and Hajj. (1.) Kalma: Kalma is the Arabic language pen Composed of the word, which means- word. The meaning of Kalma is- Sentence of Allah That is, whatever has come in writing from Allah, is a k
When doom will come, there will be no light in the moon, the sun and the moon will become one, and man will not understand where to go and he will have no refuge other than Allah……. , - Excerpt from the description of doom in the Quran. At a time when the development of various philosophical idea
For Hindus the caste organization is their club, their business union and their benevolent and human-loving society. Due to the caste system, there is no poor or correctional in India, there is no need for it. – Sidney Low, A Vision of India. The ancient Indian Aryans were called Hindus because t
Varna system in Gupta period and Harshavardhana period The form of Chaturvanya, which was prevalent in the post-Mauryan period, continued to exist in the same way in the Gupta period and also in the medieval period. The four varnas of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed in the societ
Post-Mauryan era i.e. Shunga, Kanva and Varna system in the Satavahana period The Mauryan rulers gave state protection to Buddhism and Jainism, but due to the principle of non-violence of these religions, the Maurya Empire itself collapsed and there was a reaction against these religions in the so
Varna system of Aryans in Maurya era Kautilya Text composed by Arthashastra and Megasthenes Written by her Travel-details It gives information about the nature of the Maurya-era varna system. Description of Kautilya Vishnu Gupta Chanakya is also known as Kautilya. He was the teacher and minister
Status of Shudras in Mahabharata Period The original form of Mahabharata was composed in BC. It is believed to be from the 4th century AD (Maurya period) or even earlier and the present form is considered to be 4th century AD (Gupta period). Therefore, it is difficult to say which part of Mahabhara
In this world no one is born a Brahmin, a Kshatriya, a Vaishya, a Shudra or a Mlechchha, it is only by virtue of the difference of action and virtue. Shukraniti, first chapter. To understand the main features of Indian culture, it is very important to understand the Varna system established by t
Major centers of Buddhist learning in ancient India Influenced by the teachings of Mahatma Buddha, many people joined the Buddhist Sangha after taking a bhikkhus in their teens. The kings and wealthy householders of different states gave generous donations to the Buddhist viharas. These viharas als
Major centers of Jain education in ancient India Anhilpatan (Anhilpatan, Anhilwara) Anhilpatan, the capital of the Chalukya dynasty rulers of Gujarat, was famous as a center of learning in the pre-medieval period. Along with Hindu-dharma-philosophy, Jain-dharma and philosophy were also taught here
Major centers of Vedic education in ancient India At the end of the post-Vedic period, the nature of the education system began to change and small study centers were established in different areas of the country. These education centers were opened in famous religious cities, not in sage-ashrams o
Female education in ancient India Womens education in Vedic period In the Vedic period, special emphasis was given on womens education. They were equal to men in knowledge and education. Gargi silenced Yajnavalakya with his cryptic questions in Janakas court. Yajnavalkyas wife Maitreyi was very in
Just as all living beings survive by taking shelter of Pranavayu, similarly all ashrams go on taking shelter of the householders ashram. -Manusmriti. Human life passes through childhood, youth, adulthood and old age and attains perfection. The needs, abilities and interests of human beings are di
Salvation The ultimate goal of human life Moksha Is. The goal of consuming Dharma, Artha and Kama is also salvation. The goal of Varnashrama Dharma is also salvation. The ultimate goal of the study and teaching of the Vedas is also salvation. Even the best and the worst people wish for salvation in
Trials for witchcraft was an important element of the everyday life of Poles - says prof. Crooked. His book Dont Let Witches Live has just been published. Anna Baron-Jaworska:Where did you need to write a book on witchcraft trials in Poland? prof. Jacek Wijaczka: I wanted to show readers that
She was to be a good Christian and obedient daughter, and in the future a prudent woman, faithful spouse and mother:tender without weakness, nevertheless constant, without obstinacy, decent and foreseeing. Such tasks for a young girl who just becomes a woman are mentioned by the author of the educat
For the Zionists who dreamed of establishing the state of Israel, the 20th century turned out to be crucial. However, in order to achieve their goal, the Jewish fighters did not mince their measures and did not consider the number of possible victims. Even if their compatriots could be among those k
In the 1970s, PRL intelligence used the biography of a living person to send a double to the West. Under false data, spy Janusz Kaczmarek ended up in West Germany. It is not about a visual imitation, of course, but about using the first name, surname and part of the biography of another person. Un