The introduction of drastic price increases in the summer of 1976 led to a wave of brutally suppressed protests. It was the beginning of the end of Edward Gierek. You have to go to these factories, you have to tell them how we hate them, how we despise them, how we spit on them, says Edward Gierek
According to experts, soon two powers with enormous resources and large armies will face each other. When and where will World War III start? Piotr Zychowicz : When and where will World War III break out? Jacek Bartosiak :It has already exploded. Although the word exploded is not entirely p
World War I ended with the Peace of Versailles, with which no one was satisfied. Who and on what basis established the borders of states in the new reality? In July 1919, representatives of both the victorious and losing countries of the First World War gathered in Paris. A peace conference was or
Will Poland be dragged into World War III? Is the world on the brink of nuclear annihilation? Interview with Jacek Bartosiak and Piotr Zychowicz. Marcin Moneta:From your talks it appears that we live in a time of breakthrough, in which the old geopolitical order is ending and shaping a new one. Wh
On the night of August 20-21, 1968, the troops of the USSR, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria and the GDR entered Czechoslovakia. This is how the Prague Spring ended. The departure from Stalinism in Czechoslovakia took a long time. The former order was guaranteed by President Antonin Novotný, who came fro
In the 1970s, PRL intelligence used the biography of a living person to send a double to the West. Under false data, spy Janusz Kaczmarek ended up in West Germany. It is not about a visual imitation, of course, but about using the first name, surname and part of the biography of another person. Un
Does Germany owe us hundreds of billions of euros or not a penny? Does Poland have grounds to demand compensation for losses suffered in World War II? Is it just a media and political topic? We check documents and listen to experts. The Institute will be looking for legal ways of pursuing court cl
They carried death to informers, traitors, tsarist officials and gendarmes. They suddenly appeared in a dark gate, in front of the apartment door. They carried out the sentence on the spot. A few blows with a knife - to the neck, chest and stomach - immediately took the life of the convict. This is
Americans kidnapped Polish translator in Korea! Or maybe he escaped himself? Our delegation in the Neutral States Supervisory Committee is shocked - no one expected such a turn of events. The suspects accuse the Poles of a lie, and the Poles do not remain indebted. After all, he just wanted to be fr
They suddenly appeared, emerged from the forests, burned and murdered, stole and enslaved entire families that they were driving north to plant them along the Nemunas. It was not Ruthenia, nor the German element, nor even the Tatars, and the Lithuanians aroused a real terror in medieval Poland. Sava
On January 18, 1968, a group of 31 North Korean commandos set out from Pyongyang. Three days later, they crossed the border. Soldiers dressed in the uniforms of the South Korean 26th Infantry Division, armed with American weapons and the relevant documents, cut a hole in the newly erected fence. How
He was famous for his uncompromising attitude, talent for war and cruelty. Prince Wiśniowiecki bloodily suppressed the Cossack rebellion in Ukraine. He had no mercy for his enemies, nor did he respect the ceasefire. Those who fell into the hands of the bloody magnate faced a terrible fate. At the sa
Horsemen! ... Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse! They have already mounted their horses, have already begun their insane, unrelenting ride. Blind forces of evil, freed from their chains, were to freely roam the world. The martyrdom of mankind began under the savage cavalry of four enemies ... [People]
Obtaining documents is the basis of a spys job. In the Peoples Republic of Poland, counterintelligence obtained documents that made it possible to buy licenses for Western products cheaper. It was even possible to manufacture a vacuum cleaner… We are completely impartial, we watch everyone, said
Ivan Mayski was the USSR ambassador to Great Britain. From 1934 he kept diaries. He described in them, inter alia, the story of the Eastern Pact directed against the Third Reich - an unrealized treaty that was to protect Central and Eastern Europe from Hitlers attempts. January 18, 1935 Mikhai
General Władysław Jabłonowski was called a negro. Not without reason - he was the only Polish black general. He became famous in the defense of Prague, in the battles on the Apennine peninsula and on San Domingo. Władysław Jabłonowski was the son of the general of the Crown Forces and the inspec
The image of Soviet Russia, and then the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which became imprinted in the minds of Poles, was not very attractive. This is especially true of Soviet diplomacy. Older generations associate it primarily with Andrei Gromyka - known as the Mister Niet, a long-time chief
Abominable Templars, (...) and each devoid of zeal and weakness, like vipers, a nest, snakes in multicolored skin, redheads with blue eyes, on their black horses - wrote Imad al-Din al-Isfahani about them . What were these knights serving God really like with weapons in hand? After the first cru
The Nazis are commonly associated with the Aryan master race, whose task was to dominate the less perfect subhumans. But not everyone knows where this idea came from! This is the shortened path to the ideology that led to the mass extermination of nations. The formation of German nationalism was
Blood rituals, zombies and mysterious dolls - this is what we mainly associate with voodoo today. This Haitian-born belief system is understandably arousing great curiosity. As intriguing as the mysticism surrounding voodoo, however, is also the history of the religions origin and how it influenced
You watch an old Western with Gary Cooper on TV, take a vitamin supplement after breakfast, and get an EEG in the hospital. All this is done by Polish Jews! Not all of them felt Polish. Some were not practicing Jews at all or did not even admit to their cultural heritage. However, all of them we
Manfred Zanker was to become a Nazi like his father. The son of an NSDAP activist, however, stated that he would not risk his life for a madman with a mustache. He coaxed from classes at the Hitler Youth. To avoid conscription to the army, he tried to flee to Switzerland. Finally, he deserted from t
What exactly was the issue of the most famous dispute in the history of early medieval Poland? The laconic description of Gallus Anonymus, considered the most credible, causes problems to this day. Can we still say what the Krakow bishop Stanisław did to Bolesław the Bold? It did him much harm w
A Renaissance table set. A Florentine of the time never gave up on good wine If we had the opportunity to sit at the table of a Florentine middle of the Renaissance, between the 15th and 16th centuries, in the middle of the Medici era , what could we expect to eat? We would almost certainl