On October 2, 1944, the Warsaw Uprising ended, the greatest uprising and, at the same time, the greatest defeat in our modern history. The uprising crushed into the political and military situation of the summer of 1944 had no chance of success. If we add to this the lack of armament and the imbalan
The litany of errors committed by both sides of the conflict on the eve of Operation Barbarossa beats even the longest penances during the confessions of the saints. Because should a sober-minded leader throw reports of the aggression of his - to put it mildly - uncertain ally into the garbage can w
He started his career as a squire and ended up on the royal throne. As a child, he wanted to be treated like a man. Nothing was given him by birth except for political talent and strategic sense. He had to fight for everything else, and always hunt for opportunities. However, being a compulsive and
On December 27, 1918, the Greater Poland Uprising broke out, one of only five victorious Polish uprisings. Its effect was the annexation of the western territories of Poland to the reborn Republic of Poland. In addition to a huge territorial gain, it also brought the greatest spoils of war in Polish
Alexander the Great did not lose a single battle. These are the most important skirmishes he fought during his campaigns. Alexanders father, Philip II (born 382 BCE in Pella, died 336 BCE in Ajga) left his son a powerful army and a strong, reformed state. After consolidating his position by supp
Although he did not speak Polish, he knew very well what his new homeland needed. He saw the threats and understood what ignoring them might lead to. The rule of the Vistula River was for Stefan Batory one of the many challenges in his life - this time the most important challenge. The beginning
On January 12, 1945, a great offensive of the Red Army started from the Vistula, later called the Wisla-Oder operation. The order of the Soviet soldiers was:go west! The Germans hoped that it would be possible to keep the Ivans on the extended lines of fortifications and in the fortress cities. But
He strengthened the tarnished royal power, thanks to clever reforms he managed to fill the deserted treasury and secure the borders of the state under attack from everywhere. Yet his merits - and even himself - are seldom mentioned. Why? Jan Olbrachts younger brother, Aleksander Jagiellończyk, w
In his childhood he witnessed the great triumphs of his grandfather and father, but then he felt the breakdown and collapse of their great-power politics. It was he who had to clean up the mess, restore the dynasty to power and rebuild the state almost from scratch. And he did it - but hardly anyone
He was an outstanding leader. He won with the Pope and the Teutonic Knights, thanks to him the Jagiellonians ruled a large part of Europe, and his state grew to the size of over a million square kilometers! However, not always everything ran smoothly. Many times he was just one step away from a spec
Satrap and schemer craving for the crown? Or maybe rather a faithful supporter of the ruler, striving to strengthen the princely power and implement plans? Historians are still arguing who the palatine Sieciech really was. But one thing is certain:his political career must have been spectacular.
Konrad Mazowieckis plan seemed simple. It is enough to invite the brave Teutonic Knights to deal with the wayward pagans in Prussia. However, the prince did not foresee that the monks would soon become one of the greatest threats - not to his enemies, but to the very existence of Poland. Middle Ea
He was remembered as an erudite, patron of culture and art, and ... an exceptionally poor politician, under the overwhelming influence of Catherine II. Does it really deserve such a harsh evaluation?
Every year we celebrate this day as one of the most important days in the history of Poland. According to prof. Andrzej Chwalba - there is nothing to celebrate. It is customary to talk about the Constitution of May 3 in superlatives. Its pioneering nature and progressive approach to many issues
At 29, he landed in federal prison on espionage charges. The court was merciless - it sentenced him to life imprisonment. After all, this amateur spy obtained dozens of secret documents and has been driving the nose of the American services for years ... How is that possible? Marian Zacharski wa
Two decades after Braves death, stories about his great war gains were still alive. About triumphant entrances to Prague and Kiev and about many years of battles with the Empire, ending with the capture of valuable border provinces. However, there is not much left for the Poles. Dreams of the new Sl
The eastern border proposed in 1920 deprived Poland of a large part of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, it was not Lord George Curzon, from whom it was named, who determined its course. Behind the concept of limiting the territory of the new state was ... a Polish emigrant. Lu
It derives its history from a princely dependent on the Golden Horde. For centuries it remained on the sidelines of Europe. Today he is one of the most important players in the international arena. How has Russia built its power and can it hold it? HISTORY OF RUSSIAN NATIONALISM IN CONTACT WITH
Richard the Lionheart ruled England for only 10 years. Nevertheless, he went down in history as a great commander, vanquisher of the previously invincible Saladin and a man for whom an astronomical ransom was paid. His height is dizzy even today. Richard sat on the English throne in July 1189. L
It was August 15, 1919. The crowd of miners who had been waiting for a payment for many hours lost their patience and entered the Mysłowice mine square. German Grenzschutz units opened fire on unarmed people. According to official data, six people died, including two children, and the Mysłowice
During the First World War, with the rapid increase in the number and effectiveness of German submarines, the problem of fighting them effectively became of paramount importance. The then specialists had ideas in this matter, sometimes strange, and sometimes even crazy. The British Navy entered th
Madame de Pompadour and her brother. The frigid woman tried a cure with an aphrodisiac diet Jeanne Antoinette Poisson (1721-1764), more famous as Madame de Pompadour , was for many years the maitresse en titre , or the lover in charge, of the king of France Louis XV . However, unlike w
Famous scientist of India Prof. Chandrasekhar Venkataraman holds a special place among the physicists of the world. He was the first Indian scientist to receive the worlds highest Nobel Prize Awarded. Chandrasekhar Venkataraman was born on 7 November 1888 in Tiruvalekkaval village near Tiruchirappa
A method of harvesting the mandrake from a medieval image. The mandrake was used in large quantities by the Romans in surgery Prior to the use of ether , the first anesthetic in the modern sense, which Crawford Williamson Long experimented for the first time, with success, in 1842 , what was