The Maidans of 2004 and 2013–2014 are turning points in the history of Ukraine. Two waves of nationwide protests were starting to shape civil society. Where did the name Majdan come from? It comes from Maidan Nezaleznosti, i.e. Independence Square in Kiev . It is a place where citizens who were
At the end of January 1943, the soldiers of the German 6th Army trapped near Stalingrad were extremely exhausted. Against Hitlers orders, Marshal Friedrich von Paulus finally surrendered. His conversation with the winners, however, showed that he still did not acknowledge his defeat. Coming out of
Before hiring Sun Tzu as general, King Wu wanted to test his skills. To this end, he instructed the genius strategist to train his harem of 180 concubines as soldiers. At the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE lived Sima Qian, a writer and chronicler, who in addition to his father (Sima Tan) in
August von Hohenzollern fervently supported Hitler. And its hardly surprising. He promised him that he would restore the monarchy in the Third Reich and put him, Auwi, on the throne. Although he was the son of the Prussian emperor and a candidate for his successor, he traveled by tram to work in P
Since the end of February, we have been watching the Ukrainians fight the Russians. Today they form unity. So, is it not about two Ukrainians:Eastern and Western? Lets start from the beginning. Kievan Rus was established around the ninth century. After the death of Jarosław the Wise in 1054, this
Rivalry with the USSR forced the USA to change its foreign policy. On March 12, 1947, Harry Truman introduced a new program to end isolationism. During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were difficult but still allies. With the final defeat of the Third Reich, the situation chan
In 1945, the Nazis had no illusions - they lost the war. Himmler, in order to save himself, made a peace offer to the Allies. His betrayal sealed Hitlers fate. Heinrich Himmler, Reichsführer-SS and Hitlers right-hand man took the first steps towards peace negotiations with the Allies at the beginn
This outstanding pianist devoted his life and career to the fight for independence. It was Ignacy Jan Paderewski who ensured the American support for the Polish cause. The great international career of Ignacy Jan Paderewski was determined by… coincidence. And the help of one of the most famous Pol
He was not only the official photographer of the Führer, but also his close friend. It was he who created the distinctive image that gave Hitler power. For the purposes of the Nazi propaganda machine, he created - as he estimated - over two million photos. Almost every album devoted to Hitler and
1945. The Third Reich fell, but the USSR grew stronger. He could threaten Britain unless she hit first. This is how the Operation Unthinkable plan was born. The question of whether the Soviet Union could become an enemy of Great Britain began to be considered during the Second World War. The close
As Przemysław Matusik rightly states in an excellent book on the history of Poznań, the most important address in Poznań until October 1945 was first Dolna Wilda 86, and then Chełmońskiego 21, where the seat of the citys Soviet headquarters was located. Indeed, when the USSR troops entered Pozna
In the early 1920s, the NSDAP was a small, far-right group. By proclaiming anti-Semitic slogans, she managed to win 3% of the votes in the elections to the Reichstag in 1924. Less than 10 years later, it became the most numerous party in the German parliament. The Nazis rise to power was described i
It could be considered a cross between James Bond and ... the wizard Merlin. John Dee was Elizabeth Is spy, alchemist and occultist. He presented his magic tricks, among others at the court of Stefan Batory. Soon after the mages visit, the monarch died. Did Renaissance Agent 007 have any fingers in
As Joseph Stalin used to say:It doesnt matter who votes, it matters who counts the votes. According to this maxim, on June 30, 1946, a peoples referendum was held in Poland. What was the purpose of this previously unplanned plebiscite? In June 1946, the communist authorities asked the Poles thre
On August 19, 1991, a group of hard-line apparatchiks attempted to seize power in the Soviet Union in an attempt to stop the countrys disintegration. The attempt to save the old order failed and led to the collapse of the USSR. The August coup owed its failure above all to the Muscovites who flo
The British and French delegation spent over ten days in Moscow in August 1939. It is uncertain what its purpose was actually - to avert war, or maybe to give it a shape that was ... convenient for London? The military conference ended in a fiasco because Poland and Romania did not agree to the
The family black sheep - this term undoubtedly fits the eldest son of Henry the Pious. Called Stern, Cudaczny and Tornado, he preferred robberies and fighting with his cousins and brothers over attempts to unite the state. With an indiscriminate joke, he killed his own jester, who died of fear whe
The servants of Triglav, who devoted themselves to dark rites, had to reject their false idol, declaring their faith in one true God - Jesus Christ. Otherwise, their death at the hands of the Piast warriors awaited them. But it was not only about faith, but about politics and business. After all, in
Rome was forced to engage in military operations on the Iberian Peninsula. The Second Punic War seemed extremely easy to win. It was Hannibal who challenged the Empire, but he wasnt the only commander the Romans underestimated ... After the end of the First Punic War, Carthage, defeated by Rome,
Terrified Red Army soldiers abandoned their rifles, cannons, wagons and horses. They fled into the woods, fields, hid in ditches. Thousands of voluntarily gave themselves into captivity, waiting at the crossroads, for the cavalry of Lords Poland. The defeat was total. The mighty Red Army was complet
Portrait of Lorenzo the Magnificent That of the giraffe is one of the most folkloric episodes linked to the Medici family ( I mentioned it here https://www.pilloledistoria.it/8312/storia-moderna/gli-strani-animali-da-compagnia-di-alcuni-personaggi-storici). The animal was brought as a gift
“In general, women are ugly in this area; the beauties are miracles there, and the pretty ones - rare exceptions, wrote Casanova after his visit to Poland. What prompted him to make such radical judgments? And was he sometimes ... but he was wrong? What was that all about? The difference between
They were a reward and an incentive to work for other prisoners. They had to see as many as ten clients each day. When they became pregnant, they were forced to have abortions or had their babies taken from them. These women went through a real hell in the camps. But until recently they couldnt talk
The association of veteran football players of National Star Kesarianis, honoring the 92 years since the foundation of the club and the 120 years since the foundation of Barcelona, is organizing an event on Thursday, December 5, 2019 (7:00 p.m.) at the town hall of Kesarianis on the subject: BARC