Exercises on the Modern Age

Which document written by the monk Martin Luther is considered the inaugurator of the Protestant Reformation in 1517?

a) 95 considerations

b) Theses on Church Indulgences

c) 95 theses

d) The inconvenience of indulgences

e) Open objection to the Holy See

French king who is considered the great symbol of absolutism in Western Europe:

a) Charlemagne.

b) Louis XIV.

c) Louis XVI.

d) Carlos V.

e) Carlos X.

The first agreement to divide America signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 became known as:

a) Treaty of Tordesillas.

b) Treaty of Madrid.

c) Treaty of Saint Ildefonso.

d) Treaty of Badajoz.

e) Treaty of El Pardo.

Which of the periods below does not correspond to one of the phases of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)?

a) Palatine-Bohemian period

b) Danish period

c) Swedish period

d) French period

e) Swiss period

The conquest of the Aztecs, in 1521, was one of the stages of the conquest of America carried out by the Spaniards. The person responsible for this event was:

a) Francisco Pizarro.

b) Christopher Columbus.

c) Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca.

d) Hernán Cortés.

e) Bartolomé de las Casas.

Which of the following is not an action taken by the Catholic Church during the Counter-Reformation?

a) Missionary works through the Jesuits

b) Prohibition of the sale of indulgences

c) Prohibition of circulation of some books

d) Strengthening the inquisition

e) Purge of all corrupt priests

Author who defended the power of the monarch in the book Leviathan:

a) Thomas Hobbes.

b) Niccolò Machiavelli.

c) Jean Bodin.

d) Jacques Bossuet.

e) Thomas More.

The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) was a dynastic conflict that took place where in Europe?

a) Scotland

b) Netherlands

c) England

d) Ireland

e) France

(Consesp – adapted) The Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the bourgeois; however, the workers lived in misery. Many women and children did the heavy lifting and earned very little; the working day ranged from 14 to 16 hours a day for women, and 10 to 12 hours a day for children.

It is possible to say that the class that most benefited from the Industrial Revolution was the bourgeoisie, as soon as the popular classes revolted and organized some movements against the situation in which they lived.

In this context luddism is inserted, which meant:

a) a political movement, present in the western history of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, which supports the idea that society exists independently and antagonistically to the power exercised by the State, which is considered dispensable and even harmful to the establishment of an authentic human community.

b) a movement that took place in England between 1811 and 1812, which brought together some industrial workers who were against the ongoing technological advances, provided by the advent of the first industrial revolution. The Luddites protested against the replacement of human labor by machines.

c) the first mass movement of the working classes in England, which took place between the 30s and 40s of the 19th century, and which basically demanded better conditions for workers in industry.

d) the social doctrine, according to which one can and must “reestablish” what is called a “natural state”, in which everyone would have the same right to everything, through the abolition of private property. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the term was used to describe a political movement.

e) none of the above.

(Gualimp – adapted) The Enlightenment was a movement known as the Century of Enlightenment (of reason) and it developed in some centers of 18th century Europe. About him, it is appropriate to say that:

a) was a revolutionary movement that emerged in England and the United States in the 18th century.

b) was an intellectual moment that emerged in France in the 18th century.

c) was a cultural movement in England, based on state intervention in the economy, in the 16th century.

d) was a revolutionary movement that emerged in England for the permanence of the Tudor dynasty in the 17th century.

e) was a religious movement that emerged in Italy in the 17th century.

(Inaz do Pará – adapted) The historian Eric J. Hobsbawm, in his work The Age of Revolutions, highlights the similarities between the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution, presenting them as a "double revolution" that signaled the "crisis of the old regime (HOBSBAWM, 2012, p. 99)", bringing together the revolutionary power accumulated during the 18th century, at the same time representing a rupture with it. That's why he says that if “the world economy in the 19th century was formed mainly by the influence of the British industrial revolution, its political ideology was fundamentally formed by the French Revolution (p. 97)”.

HOBSBAWM, Eric J. The Age of Revolutions, 1789-1848. São Paulo:Peace and Earth, 2012.

Concerning the revolutions in England and France at the end of the 18th century, it is possible to assert that:

a) the effects of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution reached the social classes equally, significantly improving the working and living conditions of the working class and reducing the socioeconomic distance between it and the bourgeoisie .

b) the shortage of labor in Great Britain to move the textile industry led entrepreneurs to import slaves and raw material from the overseas colonies, as England maintained a relationship peaceful with the colonized areas.

b) the French Revolution had little influence on revolutionary processes in the Western world in the 19th century, as demonstrated by the rejection of French revolutionary ideals in the uprisings that led to the liberation of Hispanic America.

d) the ideology of liberalism had a direct influence on the revolutions in England and France at the end of the 18th century, as an example we can highlight rationalism and the belief in the idea of ​​progress.

e) all of the above.

(Consesp – adapted) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a document prepared during the French Revolution of 1789, reflected an ideal of universal scope, that is, the of human liberty, equality and fraternity, above the interests of any individual.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was strongly inspired by the movement

a) Fordist.

b) Luddite.

c) communist.

d) Enlightenment.

e) anarchist.

LETTER C

The 95 Theses, also known as “Doctor Martin Luther's Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences”, was a treatise written by Martin Luther that contained criticisms by the then Augustinian monk against the practice of indulgences. Protestant legend says that Luther posted the theses on the door of the Winttenberg Church on October 31, 1517.

LETER B

Louis XIV, who reigned in France from 1643 to 1715, was the great symbol of absolutism in Europe. During his reign, several actions were taken to strengthen the king's position as authority over France. He was the great symbol of a monarch with absolute and unquestionable power.

LETER A

The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by Spain and Portugal on June 7, 1494, in the city of Tordesillas. This treaty determined the division of possible lands to be found in the New World during the period of the Great Navigations. Spain took the land to the west of the imaginary dividing line, and Portugal, the land to the east.

LETTER E

Among all the alternatives, the only one that does not correspond to a period of the Thirty Years' War is the Swiss period. All the others actually existed and took place in the following chronological order:Palatine-Bohemian period (1618-1624); Danish period (1624-1629); Swedish period (1630-1635) and French period (1635-1648).

LETER D

The Aztecs' conquest of the territory of present-day Mexico was led by Hernán Cortés, a Spaniard who arrived in the region around 1519. In order to conquer the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán, Cortés recounted with the help of thousands of indigenous people who belonged to rival peoples of the Aztecs. Diseases such as smallpox also contributed to the Aztec defeat in 1521.

LETTER E

The Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church against the advance of Protestant doctrines on the European continent. Several actions were taken to stop them, such as the creation of seminaries, prohibition of indulgences, expansion of persecution through the inquisition, etc., but the purge of corrupt priests was not one of them.

LETER A

Leviathan was a book written by Thomas Hobbes and published in 1651. In this book, Hobbes argues that the centralization of power in the monarch is the only way to guarantee the security of the realm against invaders. foreigners and against chaos. Thus, to ensure their well-being, subjects must willingly cede power to the king.

LETER C

The Wars of the Roses was a dynastic conflict between two families descended from the Plantagenet. This war was fought between 1455 and 1485 and pitted the Yorks against the Lancasters for the English throne. This conflict ended with the beginning of the Tudor dynasty in 1485 and strengthened the centralization of power in England.

LETER B

Ludismo was a movement of workers that was very strong between 1811 and 1812, existing until 1816. It emerged in England and expressed the workers' dissatisfaction with the transformations caused by the Industrial Revolution. Luddites invaded factories to destroy the machinery present.

LETER B

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that began in France in the 18th century. It was based above all on the primacy of reason and defended ideas such as freedom, equality, establishment of the secular State, etc. He defended individual freedom and strongly criticized absolutist regimes.

LETER D

The propagation of the ideals of political liberalism fueled revolutions in places like England, the United States and France. These ideals worked with proposals such as equality of men and freedom of expression, in addition to defending the decentralization of power, with a less present State.

LETER D

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was a document issued in the early days of the French Revolution and worked on the idea that certain human rights were universal. Among these rights are, for example, the belief that men were equal and free in rights. This document was heavily inspired by Enlightenment ideals.