Read this excerpt, which refers to the construction of the modern world:
“... the moderns are the first to demonstrate that true knowledge can only be born from the inner work carried out by reason, thanks to its own effort, without accepting religious dogmas, social prejudices, political censorship and the immediate data provided by the senses”. (CHAUÍ, Marilena. "First philosophy". 4. ed. São Paulo:Brasiliense, 1985. p. 80.)
Reading the passage allows us to identify characteristics of the Renaissance. Mark the statement that contains these characteristics.
a) new attitude towards knowledge, which transforms the way of understanding the world and man himself.
b) rupture with anthropocentric conceptions, which modifies the hierarchical manorial relationships.
c) rupture with the ancient world, which characterizes man's detachment from the various religious movements.
d) adaptations of contemplative thinking, which reaffirm the primacy of knowledge of nature in relation to man.
question 2(Enem)
(...) After long investigations, I was finally convinced that the Sun is a fixed star surrounded by planets that revolve around it and that it is the center and the flame. That, in addition to the main planets, there are others of second order that circulate first as satellites around the main planets and with them around the Sun. (...) I do not doubt that mathematicians are of my opinion, if they want to take the trouble to get acquainted, not superficially, but in a profound way, of the demonstrations that I will give in this work. If some light and ignorant men want to commit the abuse against me of invoking some passages of (sacred) Scripture, which distort the meaning, I will despise their attacks:mathematical truths should not be judged except by mathematicians. (COPERNICUS, N. De Revolutionibus orbium caelestium)
Those who indulge in practice without science are like the navigator who embarks on a ship without rudder or compass. Practice must always be based on good theory. Before making a case a general rule, try it two or three times and see if the experiments produce the same effects. No human investigation can be considered true science if it does not undergo mathematical demonstrations. (VINCI, Leonardo da. Carnets)
The aspect to be highlighted in both texts to exemplify modern rationalism is
a) faith as a guide to discoveries.
b) the critical sense to reach God.
c) the limitation of science by biblical principles.
d) the importance of experience and observation.
e) the principle of authority and tradition.
(Uneb-BA)
Please read the following reports carefully:
"The painter who works routinely and hastily, without understanding things, is like a mirror that absorbs everything it finds in front of it, without knowing it".
“Experience, mother of all certainty”
“Only the universal painter has value”
They are excerpts from Leonardo da Vinci, an outstanding character of the Renaissance. In them, the author extols understanding, experience, universalism, values that marked the:
a) Theocentrism, as a basic principle of modern thought.
b) Epicureanism, in allusion to the dominant principles in the Middle Ages.
c) Humanism, as an ideological stance that shaped the transition to the Modern Age.
d) Confucianism, for its marked opposition to the body of oriental knowledge.
e) Scholasticism, since it admitted faith as the only source of knowledge.
question 4(UEL)
The Renaissance, a broad artistic, literary and scientific movement, expanded from the Italian Peninsula to almost all of Europe, causing changes in society. On the subject, it is correct to say that:
a) Renaissance rationalism reinforced the principle of the authority of theological science and medieval tradition.
b) there was the rescue, by the Renaissance intellectuals, of the medieval ideals linked to the dogmas of Catholicism, especially the theocentric conception of the world.
c) in this period, the idea of the man citizen was reaffirmed, which ended up weakening the feelings of national and cultural identity, which contributed to the end of absolute monarchies.
d) humanism preached the determination of human actions by the divine and denied that man had the ability to act on the world, transforming it according to his will and interest.
e) the scholars of the period sought support in the experimental method and in rational reflection, valuing nature and the human being.
(PUC-MG)
The Renaissance, as a cultural phenomenon observed in Western Europe at the beginning of the Modern Age, is inserted in the process of transition from feudalism to capitalism, expressing the thought and vision of worlds typical of a mercantile society and, therefore, more open and dynamics. Manifesting itself mainly through the arts and philosophy, the Renaissance movement had as its axis
a) popular wisdom and the rule of the majority, as a mechanism to combat aristocratic power and opposition to new social segments on the rise.
b) opposition to all organized religions, as religious principles impeded freedom of opinion and made man alienated. The legal equality of all individuals, suppressing class privileges and equating the rights and obligations of citizens.
c) the freedom of work inherent to any person, as an instrument capable of enabling the creation and growth of the human being, being necessary to abolish the craft corporations.
d) the appreciation of man for his reason and for his creations, spreading confidence in human potential and overcoming the mysticism dominant in the medieval period.
e) Rationalism and Geocentrism (conviction that everything can be explained by reason and science; conception that the Earth is the center of the universe).
the truth. The search for new assumptions of denuding the world makes the production of knowledge reach new areas that were not so apparent throughout the Middle Ages.
b) FALSE. The renaissance honors anthropocentric conceptions, as a way of questioning the religious justifications that ordered manorial hegemony.
c) FALSE. The ancient world is one of the most significant sources of inspiration for the Renaissance. In this regard, many of the members of this movement believed that they were recovering the legacy left by ancient Greek and Roman cultures.
d) FALSE. Contemplative thinking is outside the universe of Renaissance characteristics. The contact and investigation of the world were the two great principles that moved the Renaissance from the mere contemplation of space, to the investigation of it.
a) FALSE. Emphasizing the last words of Copernicus ("If some light and ignorant men want to commit the abuse against me by invoking some passages of (sacred) Scripture, which distort the meaning, I will despise their attacks..."), we can see that the faith is not placed as a sure element in the discovery of truths.
b) FALSE. The use of critical thinking was not linked to knowledge of the divine in any of the speeches offered in the collection.
c) FALSE. The texts separate the interference of the religious sphere in obtaining knowledge.
d) TRUE. Experiment and observation are placed here as indispensable elements for an argument to have a logical basis. In this aspect, both Copernicus and Da Vinci favor the use of such elements.
e) FALSE. Outside of experiment and logical argumentation, the Renaissance did not recognize the notions arising from authorities and traditions.
question 3a) FALSE. Theocentrism is a fundamental element of medieval thought.
b) FALSE. This notion refers to the philosophical thought of antiquity.
c) TRUE. Humanism is one of the guiding principles that legitimize a new way of knowing oneself and the world.
d) FALSE. Renaissance-era humanists were visibly influenced by the values of Western antiquity.
e) FALSE. Scholasticism is typical of the medieval period.
question 4a) FALSE. Medieval authority was rightly questioned through rationalism.
b) FALSE. In fact, the Renaissance favored breaking with several of the principles that ordered the acquisition of knowledge in the Middle Ages.
c) FALSE. The end of absolute monarchies is related to the later historical period. In this case, we must emphasize that the ideas in the item relate to Enlightenment thought and liberal doctrine.
d) FALSE. The statement determines an explanation contrary to the values of humanism.
it's true. The experiment was one of the fundamental premises that launched man to the knowledge of the world. In this way, reason and the knowledge of things are intimately linked to this process.
question 5
a) FALSE. The Renaissance did not fight the aristocracy, considering that many of their representatives came to act as sponsors of their works and research.
b) FALSE. In spite of being rationalists, the men of the Renaissance did not undertake a movement of opposition to the religions. In fact, many Renaissances were fervent Christians.
c) FALSE. Opposition to craft guilds was never among the concerns of the Renaissance movement.
d) TRUE. The valorization of man was one of the fundamental bases that defined the development of Renaissance principles.
e) FALSE. Geocentrism is a widespread belief by some clerics of the medieval period.