Ancient history

• Internal Trade in Colonial America

  Colonial trade was not only transatlantic, there was also internal trade although for a long time researchers, dazzled by the metal sent to the metropolis, neglected commercial activity inside the continent . In America there were trade flows, not only local but also regional and intercolonial, aim

• The Battle of Saratoga

  In the fall of 1777, English Major General John Burgoyne moved his army south through the rebel colony of New York, toward Albany, in the main advance of a three-pronged offensive . Instead of victory, Burgoyne found frustration, hardship, and finally surrender after a series of battles, ending at t

• The Battle of Blenheim

  During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough led a march across Europe to defeat a superior Franco-Bavarian force at Blenheim on the Danube . This victory not only ensured the safety of the Habsburg capital, but also Marlboroughs reputation as one of the great military commander

• The Battle of Lützen

  In one of the great battles of the Thirty Years War, the Lion of the North, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, faced a resurrected imperial army under Wallenstein at Lützen. The Swedish king was struck down, although his troops regrouped and achieved victory after hard fighting against opponents who had l

• Foreign smuggling in Colonial America

  Along with smuggling there are other definitions for violations of the Laws of the Indies in commercial and financial matters:illegal interloper and direct trade. The term smuggling must be specified , which gives the colonial trade an illegal or clandestine nuance and, however, it was frequent tha

• Secular Clergy in Colonial America

  The church functioned in America, as in Spain, it had a hierarchy that attended to its episcopal and religious component . The diocesan hierarchy, bishops and archbishops, was appointed according to the procedures regulated by the Board of Trustees. In this way, the Council of the Indies presented t

• Religious orders and reductions in Colonial America

  Hadrian VI, with the bull Onmimoda , had renewed the privileges of the mendicant orders to evangelize the pagans, reinforcing their role against the traditional monastic orders, such as the contemplative and the military orders, protagonists of the Spanish reconquest. The first mendicant orders in A

• Foreign Trade in Colonial America

  Foreign trade with the new territories was developed according to the Capitulations of Santa Fe, but the existence of numerous affected parties, including the Crown, modified the conditions of exchanges with overseas. In 1493 a customs office was installed in Cádiz to centralize business with the In

• Silver mining in Colonial America

  The decades after the conquest, in the Caribbean and on the continent, were under the sign of gold. Silver began to play a leading role after the discovery of Potosí (1545) and Zacatecas (1546) and, especially from the 1570s, when amalgamation with mercury or patio method spread. . Previously, the d

• Anglo-Saxon colonization in America

  During the reign of James I, the regions that today constitute the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia were populated , which in the second half of the 16th century had only been the scene of raids by corsairs such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake, more involved in actions against Spain t

• French colonization in America

  Like the English colonies in North America, the French also have a markedly religious origin, due to the fierce clashes between the Huguenots and Catholics in France during the second half of the 16th century. The massacre of the night of Saint Bartholomew in Paris ended the lives of a good part of

• Colonization of Brazil

  King Manuel the Fortunate did not make any special efforts to colonize Brazil. Juan III, faced with possible competition from the French and Dutch, ordered the systematic Portuguese colonization of the country. For this he put together an expedition that, under the command of Martín Alonso de Sousa

• conquest of brazil

  Since the fifteenth century, Portuguese sailors had become excellent navigators, thanks to the impetus given to navigation by Henry the Navigator and his school of Sagres, Bartolomé Díaz had rounded the Cape of Storms (Good Hope) at the southern end of Africa and Vasco da Gama, following the same r

• Conquest of Chile

  Diego de Almagro had left for the south in 1533, sent by Francisco Pizarro, who hoped that he would leave his remains there, since he knew the ferocity of the Indians of the region, where not even the Incas had been able to penetrate. Almagro left Cuzco, entered Chile from the north and founded the

• Manufactures in Colonial America

  Manufacturing was structured around production based on the transformation of products from the land, which used to be made in situ and without a large transfer of inputs. Although its origin must be sought in the indigenous domestic economy and in the techniques provided by the settlers, economic g

• Conquest of Argentina

  The conquest of Argentina was caused by the discovery of the Río de la Plata. The sailor Juan Díaz de Solís arrived in 1516 at a huge estuary where large rivers flowed. He was looking for a southern passage that would allow him to enter the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and he and almost all of his com

• French Absolutism

  French absolutism occurred in the fifteenth century, at this time France was made up of regions with different traditions, privileges and legal regimes . While Spain was at its height, France was engaged in internal religious wars between Catholics and Hugotones (Protestants), which lasted 30 years

• Heyday of Absolutism in France

  The heyday of absolutism in France began with King Louis XIV. This means that in it there was no authority other than that of the King . Legislative power did not exist. There was also no judiciary. The King was the supreme authority, he was the one who dictated the laws and administered justice.

• Prussia

  Prussia emerged as a power in the 18th century due to the work done by the Hohenzollern family. , which ruled the Electorate of Brandenburg from the 15th century. This territory later gave rise to the German Empire whose greatness ended in the First World War (1914). Originally, Prussia was a colle

• New States of Europe

  The appearance of new European states was the most important event of the 18th century:Prussia emerged as a power in the 18th century due to the work carried out by the Hohenzollern family, which ruled the Electorate of Brandenburg since the 15th century. This town later gave rise to the German Empi