Economic prosperity: The Songhai people created an extensive trade network that stretched across the Sahara Desert and into the Mediterranean and Middle East. They traded items like gold, salt, slaves, and grain. This trade boosted the economy of the empire and made it quite wealthy.
Effective leadership: The Songhai emperors, especially Askia Muhammad I (r. 1493–1528), were able leaders who expanded the empire's territory and consolidated its authority. Askia Muhammad I was a great general who led the conquest of many important cities and regions, including Timbuktu.
Cultural and intellectual hub: The city of Timbuktu became a prominent center of learning and scholarship under Songhai rule. Several prestigious madrasahs, or Islamic universities, were established, attracting scholars from all over the Muslim world. Timbuktu became known for its libraries and production of illuminated manuscripts.
Religious conversion: The Songhai rulers embrace Islam and promoted its spread throughout the empire. This helped in the political and cultural integration of the diverse populations under their control.
Military prowess: The Songhai military was well-organized and equipped with advanced weaponry, such as guns, cannons, and muskets. They were skilled in both cavalry and infantry tactics, which gave them an advantage over their enemies.