- Ancient China: Ruled by various dynasties, each with an emperor at the helm. The emperor held absolute power and was considered a divine ruler.
- Modern China: Ruled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP is the sole ruling party and follows a socialist political system. The power is shared among the party leadership, with the General Secretary of the CCP being the top leader.
2. Economic System:
- Ancient China: Primarily based on agriculture and artisanal production. The economy was largely decentralized, with trade and commerce playing a significant role.
- Modern China: Has a socialist market economy, combining elements of central planning and market-oriented reforms. China has become a global economic powerhouse and manufacturing hub.
3. Social Structure:
- Ancient China: Characterized by a rigid hierarchical structure. Society was divided into social classes, with the scholar-gentry class at the top, followed by peasants, artisans, and merchants.
- Modern China: Aims for greater social equality. The traditional class structure has been dismantled, and the country strives to reduce income disparities and promote social mobility.
4. Cultural and Religious Practices:
- Ancient China: Influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Imperial examinations played a significant role in selecting government officials based on their knowledge of Confucian classics.
- Modern China: Has greater religious and cultural diversity. While Confucianist values still influence cultural traditions, China promotes freedom of religious belief. The government maintains strict control over religious practices and organizations.
5. Foreign Policy and Diplomacy:
- Ancient China: Followed a tributary system, where smaller states paid tribute to the Chinese emperor in exchange for protection and trade benefits.
- Modern China: Adopts a more active and assertive foreign policy, seeking to enhance its global influence. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aims to strengthen trade and infrastructure connectivity with countries across the world.
6. Science, Technology, and Innovation:
- Ancient China: Made significant advancements in various scientific fields, including astronomy, mathematics, engineering, and medicine. However, innovation was often constrained by traditional beliefs.
- Modern China: Heavily invests in scientific research, technology, and innovation. China has become a leader in several technological areas, including artificial intelligence, high-speed rail, and renewable energy.