1. Leadership of Sunni Ali:
The reign of Sunni Ali Ber (r. 1464–1492) marked a turning point in Songhai's history. He was a brilliant military strategist who expanded the empire's territories through a series of conquests. Sunni Ali successfully defeated neighboring kingdoms, subjugating the Mali Empire and incorporating its territories into Songhai.
2. Control over Trade Routes:
Songhai's strategic location along the Niger River made it a major hub for trade. The Niger River served as a vital waterway connecting West Africa with North Africa and the Middle East. Songhai imposed control over these trade routes, levying taxes on goods and collecting tribute from merchants.
3. Economic Prosperity:
The empire's control over trade routes brought significant wealth to Songhai. It became a center for commerce, with its bustling markets attracting traders from various regions. Gold, salt, copper, ivory, slaves, and other commodities were traded, contributing to the empire's economic prosperity.
4. Centralized Administration:
Songhai established a centralized administrative system to maintain control over its vast territories. Provinces were governed by appointed officials, who were responsible for tax collection, the administration of justice, and military mobilization. This efficient administrative structure helped maintain stability and facilitated effective management of the empire.
5. Askia Dynasty:
After the death of Sunni Ali, the Songhai Empire came under the rule of the Askia Dynasty, beginning with Askia Muhammad I (r. 1493–1528). Askia Muhammad further consolidated Songhai's power, instituting reforms in the administrative, military, and judicial systems. He promoted Islamic learning and supported the construction of educational institutions.
6. Urbanization and Cultural Flourishing:
The rise of Songhai led to the growth of urban centers, with cities such as Gao and Timbuktu becoming major cultural hubs. Timbuktu, in particular, became renowned as a center of Islamic scholarship and learning, attracting renowned scholars and students from across the Muslim world.
Songhai's expansion, economic prosperity, centralized administration, and cultural achievements contributed to its emergence as a powerful empire that played a significant role in the history of West Africa.