1. Walled City: Baghdad was originally designed as a circular city surrounded by high walls and fortified gates. The city gates, such as the Bab al-Kuh (Gate of the Hill) and the Bab al-Basrah (Gate of Basrah), were impressive structures with intricate carvings and ornate decorations.
2. Round City: The city center, known as the Round City, was located on the western bank of the Tigris River. It had a circular layout, and its main streets radiated out from the central palace, the Dar al-Khilafah (Abode of the Caliphate).
3. Palaces and Mosques: Baghdad was home to grand palaces and monumental mosques. The Caliph's palace was an architectural marvel, featuring vast chambers, gardens, and pools. The Great Mosque of Baghdad, also known as the Mosque of al-Mansur, was one of the largest mosques in the world, capable of accommodating thousands of worshippers.
4. Commercial Districts: The city had lively commercial districts, with markets, bazaars, and narrow bustling streets lined with shops and stalls selling a variety of goods, including spices, textiles, jewelry, and handicrafts.
5. Cultural Centers: Baghdad was renowned for its educational and cultural institutions, such as the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah), a library and academy where scholars translated and studied works from different civilizations. The city also hosted numerous madrassas (Islamic schools) and hospitals.
6. Gardens and Parks: Baghdad was famous for its beautiful gardens and parks, which provided a respite from the city's hustle and bustle. The Garden of the Commander of the Faithful (Bostan al-Khatib) and the Garden of Paradise (Bostan al-Firdaws) were among the most celebrated.
7. Bridges and Canals: The Tigris River played a crucial role in Baghdad's development. Several bridges connected the eastern and western parts of the city, facilitating trade and transportation. The city also had an extensive canal system that brought water for irrigation and drinking purposes.
8. Cosmopolitan Population: Baghdad was a melting pot of cultures and religions. It was home to a diverse population, including Arabs, Persians, and other ethnicities. The city's cosmopolitan nature fostered intellectual and cultural exchange.
Overall, ancient Baghdad was a vibrant and awe-inspiring city that played a significant role in shaping the cultural and intellectual landscape of the Islamic world during its golden age.