Westernization: Peter was determined to modernize Russia and bring it in line with Western European powers. He believed that Western science, technology, and culture were superior to Russia's traditional ways, and he sought to adopt these elements into Russian society. He encouraged the study of foreign languages, invited foreign experts to Russia, and sent young Russians abroad to learn about Western advancements.
Centralization of Power: Peter sought to strengthen the power of the central government and reduce the autonomy of the nobility. He created new administrative divisions, appointed loyal officials, and established a secret police force to suppress dissent. He also introduced a new system of taxation and increased the size of the Russian military.
Expansion of Territory: Peter was ambitious to expand Russia's territory and gain access to warm-water ports. He waged wars against Sweden and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in the acquisition of new territories in the Baltic and Black Sea regions. He also established Saint Petersburg as a new capital city, which was strategically located on the Baltic Sea.
Catherine the Great:
Enlightened Absolutism: Catherine embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that emphasized reason, science, and progress. She saw herself as an enlightened ruler who would bring progress and prosperity to Russia. She promoted education, science, and culture, and she supported the arts and literature. She also introduced reforms to the legal system and administration.
Expansion of Territory: Catherine continued Peter's policy of territorial expansion. She waged wars against the Ottoman Empire and Poland-Lithuania, resulting in the acquisition of new territories in the Black Sea and Baltic regions. She also expanded Russia's influence in Central Asia and the Caucasus.
Consolidation of Power: Catherine strengthened the power of the monarchy and weakened the influence of the nobility. She centralized the government, reduced the autonomy of local regions, and suppressed dissent. She also introduced new laws and regulations to codify the social hierarchy and maintain social order.