History of South America

• Idleness as a crime in Inca criminal law

  Written by:José Carlos Mendoza Valdez and Claudia Flores Fuentes Introduction Man has no nature but (...) history; very significant sentence of who par excellence can be considered the most influential Spanish philosopher of the 20th century. And it is that the accent put by Ortega y Gasset in the a

• Pre-Inca writing on Pallares

  On October 21, 1934, LA PRENSA of Buenos Aires was kind enough to host my first article on its pages, on the discovery I made of the Mochicas ideographic writing system. To verify this theory, of a revolutionary nature, I have already compiled thousands of archaeological documents, which have contri

• History of the first seven constitutions of Peru

  Historical review of José Silva Santisteban 1. First Constitution of 1823 As soon as the Independence of Peru was proclaimed, a Constituent Congress was installed in Lima with great pomp and solemnity, on September 20, 1822, convoked by General San Martín and made up of proprietary deputies elected

• -I DID NOT FINISH THE WORK OF THE REVOLUTION-

  An interview by the journalist César Hildebrandt with Juan Velasco Alvarado, published in the magazine Caretas on February 3, 1977.General, now perhaps you have time to make reflections that you could not do before, have you about the true objective of his government? Yes, I have.How would you rate

• The Velasquista October Revolution

  The deep traces left in society by the reforms undertaken more than four decades ago by the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado are analyzed by the historian Nelson Manrique in an interview with the journalist Edmundo Cruz published in the newspaper La República in 2009, when he 41 years ha

• The Huancayo Constitution of 1839:"a monstrous birth"

  Born in the midst of the internal commotions that had torn the country apart; formed by men without ideas or principles, for the most part; led by a soldier [Agustín Gamarra], to whom a triumph had subdued all men and all things, whose administrative science was reduced only to intrigue and the sord

• -Battle of Ayacucho-

  On December 9, 1824, troops led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeated the royalist army at the Battle of Ayacucho. For historians it was the decisive battle of Latin American liberation. After Ayacucho there were some small skirmishes and in one of them -the combat of Tumusla in Bolivian territo

• The dramatic end of the Mochica civilization

  The Mochicas had made Perus desert Pacific coast their home, but climatic fluctuations ruined the delicate ecological balance that sustained their way of life. In northern Peru, where Pacific waves lap at an arid coastal region, a tenacious people flourished. and bellicose that between the 1st and 8

• The Death of the Sun - Lambayeque Sicán

  By:Archaeologist Wilo Vargas Morales NAYLAMP? In the 17th century, campaigns to extirpate idolatry began in the viceroyalty of Peru with the intention of achieving greater progress in the evangelizing company of the Hispanic colonies. During these crusades thousands of people were tortured and sente

• The Ghost Crab Mask

  By:Archaeologist Wilo Vargas Morales In recent decades, the history of Peru has been enriched by the results of the efficient work of archaeological projects that constantly surprise us with their discoveries. Archaeologists interpret cultural material in order to explain the use and function of obj

• Lambayeque:Pomac and the power of Sicán

  David Roca Basadre / Rumbos Magazine The stillness of the forest in the middle of the desert, where old carob trees reign and their shoots of different ages and shapes and the court of zapotes, faiques and palo verde shines, is the magnificent setting where the traces of the ancient theocratic kingd

• Funerary practices in the archaeological site PALLKA - VALLE de Casma.

  By:Lic. Ilder Cruz Mostacero INTRODUCTION The results of the scientific research in the Pallka Archaeological site, allowed to define the cultural sequence, determine its function and understand the funerary contexts, whose evidence shows that the funerary practices carried out served to legitimize

• The story of the first mayor of Lima

  Juan Luis Orrego Penagos (Historian) The adventurous life of Nicolás de Ribera. He came with Francisco Pizarro and was one of the famous thirteen of the Isla del Gallo. In its almost three centuries of Hispanic rule, Lima or the City of Kings had two hundred and eighty-seven mayors, who governed fo

• Ychma Culture or Ichma Society

  Ichma or Ichmay (other variants:Ychma, Ychsma) is the name of a lordship or state entity from the pre-Inca era of Ancient Peru. It flourished on the central coast of Peru, in part of what is now the department of Lima, between the years 900 and 1470 of the Christian era, in the periods known as the

• Mummy Juanita:the sacrifice of the Inca ice maiden

  Mummy Juanita is the name given to the mummy of a 15th century Inca girl who was discovered in Peru in 1995. She is also known as the Lady of Ampato and the Inca Ice Maiden. The first name is due to the fact that her body was found on the top of Mount Ampato, an inactive volcano in the Andes, and th

• Reflection on the teaching of history in Peru

  By:Eddy Romero Meza It has not been fully noticed how the educational reform of the 90s affected the already deficient teaching of history. The devalued public education inherited from the 1980s has undergone a change, not necessarily for the better. The change from a subject-based curriculum to on

• The myth of José de San Martín, the “Andalusian” soldier who stabbed the Spanish Empire in America

  His military experience on the peninsula, where he fought the French during the War of Independence, legitimized him to lead the rebels against the last bastion of Spain in South America, the Viceroyalty of Peru. The wars of independence in America were waged by the descendants of Spaniards, the Cre

• Manuel Arturo Odría:The lucky dictator

  General Manuel A. Odría has the honor of being buried in the Santa Ana de Tarma Cathedral, very close to the main altar. He must be, perhaps, the only Latin American dictator, at least in the 20th century, who enjoys that posthumous privilege. The people of Tarm thus thanked their favorite son who,

• Why is Peru called Peru?

  Peru has an ancient history. But not his name. We do not know what the inhabitants of Caral, the Moche, the Nazca or the Wari called their lands. We only know that the Incas, heirs of all of them, boasted of ruling over the four parts of the world (Tahuantinsuyo). Archaeologists and historians have

• The history of Peru under suspicion

  Jorge Paredes Laos Some events of our past that are not necessarily real or that did not happen as we were told. Sometimes in history not everything is what it seems (or seemed). Many events or certain theories of the past begin to change after the discovery of new documentary sources or the product