Exercises on Enlightenment Philosophers

Analyze the columns below, which contain the names of some philosophers of the Enlightenment on one side, and their works on the other.

Indicate the alternative that correctly correlates the two columns.

1. I-c; II-d; III-b; IV-a.
2. I-d; II-c; III-a; IV-b.
3. I-d; II-c; III-a; IV-b.
4. I-b; II-d; III-a; IV-c.
5. I-c; II-a; III-d; IV-b.

(UEBA) In the Enlightenment period, in the 18th century, the philosopher Montesquieu defended:

1. division of national wealth.
2. Division of executive, legislative and judicial powers.
3. division of policy into national and international.
4. formation of a Moderating Power in the National Congress.
5. implantation of the modern dictatorship.

(FGV-SP) “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Whoever believes himself to be the master of others is still more a slave than they are (...) The social order is a sacred right that serves as the basis for all others. Such a right, however, does not originate from nature:it is therefore founded on conventions.”

J.J. Rousseau, On the social contract . in:The Thinkers. São Paulo:Abril Cultural, 1978, p. 22.

Regarding the quote from Rousseau, it is correct to say:

1. It is close to absolutist thought, which attributed to kings the divine right to maintain social order.
2. It affiliates with Christian thought, by attributing to all men a condition of submission similar to slavery.
3. It affiliates with abolitionist thought, by denouncing slavery practiced in America throughout the 19th century.
4. It is close to anarchist thought, which establishes that the State must be abolished and society governed by self-management.
5. It comes close to Enlightenment thinking, by conceiving the social order as a sacred right that must guarantee the freedom and autonomy of men.

“Composed of 35 volumes, it had the work of 130 collaborators:Montesquieu contributed an article on aesthetics; Quesnay and Turgot were about economics; Rousseau spoke about music and Voltaire and Hans Holbach about philosophy, religion and literature.

Although it intended to show the intimate unity between culture and human thought, the opinions of its authors were very different. On religion, for example, it was difficult to reach a consensus, as there were deists and atheists”

VICENTINO, C. General History . High school. São Paulo:Scipione, 2000. p. 239.

The above characteristics refer to the work known as:

1. Social Contract.
2. Second Treaty of Civil Government.
3. Encyclopedia.
4. English letters.
5. Persian Letters.

“It is forbidden to kill and therefore all murderers are punished unless they do it on a large scale and at the sound of trumpets.”

“I do not agree with a single word you say, but I will defend to the death the right to say it.”

The phrases above are examples of one of the best-known Enlightenment philosophers, characterized by sarcastic and irreverent phrases. Who is the author of the sentences?

1. Montesquieu.
2. John Locke.
3. Come back.
4. Discards.
5. Rousseau.

Letter E .

Letter B . For Montesquieu, this division of powers was a way of subordinating kings to other powers, thus fighting the political authoritarianism of absolutism.

Letter E . Rousseau was one of the main philosophers of the Enlightenment, believing that the creation of new institutions of power stemming from the will of men was necessary to guarantee a more just society.

Letter C . The Encyclopedia was organized by Diderot and D'Alembert, who intended, in general terms, to bring together in a single work, in a summarized way, all the thought produced by the Enlightenment and the Physiocrats.

Letter C . Voltaire was a staunch critic of the church and the clergy, believing that the man endowed with freedom and reason could better know the divine wills and designs.