Louis the Germanic is the second son of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne. Heir to an immense empire, the latter divides it between his three sons, Lothaire, Louis and Pépin. He favors the elder Lothaire in 817 by a legal text (Ordinatio Imperii ) by appointing him co-emperor, which triggered a wa
Louis IX lost his father Louis VIII at the age of 12, so he was educated to reign by his mother, Blanche de Castille, who had become regent. During his reign, the king pacified his kingdom during the Treaty of Paris in 1259 which put an end to the conflict between France and England. He reforms the
Lothair is the eldest son of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne. Privileged in 817 by his father by the Ordinatio Imperii (legal text from the emperor to settle his succession), Lothair was named co-emperor (823) with his father, leaving the other sons, Louis and Pépin, left behind.But the birth of
Lionel Jospin was born into a Protestant and militant left-wing family. Her father, Robert Jospin, is a teacher and member of the socialist party SFIO and her mother is a midwife. After graduating from the Institute of Political Studies and the ENA, he joined the Quai dOrsay as Secretary of Foreign
Belonging to an aristocratic family, Senghor studied in Senegal and obtained his baccalaureate. At the age of 22, he came to France for the first time to continue his studies in Paris, where he met Aimé Césaire. Passionate about French letters, he became a professor of classics and was the first Afr
Born in Vinci, near Florence, Leonardo is the natural son of the notary Piero da Vinci and a simple peasant. He will join his father in Florence at the age of 14 and enter the polytechnic workshop of a renowned artist. Having acquired a solid reputation as a painter, he lived in the great capitals o
Léon Gambetta studied law and became a lawyer in 1860. He began to associate with politics and approached the Republicans. Léon Gambetta opposed the Second Empire, he made himself known during the trial of a Republican, where he made a plea against Napoleon III in 1868. He began his political career
Born in Paris in 1872, Léon Blum came from a family of Jewish merchants. In 1890, he joined the École Normale Supérieure and began a career as a literary critic. Very marked by the Dreyfus affair, he defended Zola in particular. A member of the Socialist Party from 1902, he refused to join the Commu
Born in 1870 in Simbirsk, Vladimir Ilyitch Lenin (known as Lenin) grew up in a privileged family environment and began a career as a lawyer. Deported to Siberia in 1897 for having halted production activity by supporting workers strikes, then exiled to Switzerland, he published Que faire? (1902) and
Born in Trier in 1818, Karl Marx studied in Bonn and Berlin, where he presented his doctoral thesis in 1841. In 1942, having abandoned his plans for an academic career, he became editor of the opposition newspaper to the Prussian regime, the Rhenish Gazette . The newspaper was censored, and in 1843
Jules Mazarin, who grew up in Rome, showed diplomatic talents very early on. After a stay in Spain, he became apostolic nuncio (diplomatic agent, ambassador of the Holy See to the States) in Milan, attached to the Holy See. The lifting of the siege of Casale in 1630 (conflict forming part of the Thi
Before entering politics, Jules Ferry was a journalist. He wrote a series of pamphlets against the Second Empire. Elected Republican deputy in 1869, he took part in the proclamation of the IIIth Republic on September 4, 1870 at the Paris City Hall. From then on, he began a rich although difficult po
Of patrician descent (upper class Roman citizen), Julius Caesar claims to be the descendant of Iule, son of the legendary Aeneas and grandson of Venus! Opposing Sylla who then leads the Republic, Caesar is forced into exile. He did not return until his death and began a dazzling political career. Po
Born on December 21, 1878 into a modest family of serfs, Joseph Stalin joined an Orthodox convent in his youth to escape the misery in which he was born. But from then on, Stalin frequented socialist and Marxist circles which made him integrate the political world. He joined the Communist Party led
Born in Rivesaltes, in the South-West of France, Joseph Joffre comes from a wine-growing family. A graduate of the École polytechnique, he began his career in military engineering (construction of military structures) and took part in operations in the Far East and Africa.In 1911, he became head of
He was born in Rheydt in the Rhineland into a modest Catholic family. Stricken with a congenital infirmity, he limps. In 1922, he obtained his doctorate in philosophy but failed to make a name for himself in literature. It is ultimately politics that will bring him recognition. The same year, he be
Born into a wealthy family in 1917, John Fitzgerald Kennedy is also known by his initials JFK. Favorable to the entry into the war of the United States, he participated in the Second World War in the Navy. A member of the Democratic Party, he began his political career by being elected to the House
Daughter of a labourer, Joan of Arc was born in Domrémy, in the Vosges. When she was 13, while she was in the garden, she heard the voices of Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine and the Archangel Saint Michael urging her to free France from the yoke of the English. She obtained an audience in Chinon wit
Of Genevan Calvinist origin, orphan of a mother, Rousseau oscillates between several homes. Madame de Warens took him in (Annecy, Chambéry, etc.) and awakened him to Catholicism. In his Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts , he laid the foundations of his thought:society is a perversion for the ma
Jean-François Champollion was not ten years old when Napoleon Bonaparte undertook an expedition to Egypt in 1798. He takes an interest in this land full of mysteries. Following the discovery of the Rosetta Stone by Lieutenant Bouchard during the Napoleonic expedition (1799), Champollion, very young,
In 1507 he accompanied Louis XII to Genoa, for the fourth expedition to Italy. After Marignan, François I then conquered the Milanese and appointed him constable and viceroy of the Milanese. In 1521 his wife died and Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I, claimed the fiefs of the Bourbons. The trial
Born in Scotland in 1723, Adam Smith studied in Glasgow and then Oxford before becoming the holder of a chair in philosophy at the University of Glasgow. Inspired by the philosophy of the Enlightenment and that of David Hume more precisely, he published in 1759 his Théorie sur les sentiments morales
Władysław Anders during maneuvers. The interwar period. Władysław Anders (1892-1970) - Polish military. From 1934, he was a brigadier general. Participant in the September campaign, seriously wounded in fights with the Soviet troops, interned on September 29. In 1939-1941 he was in captivity, am
Short biography:Émile Zola (1840-1902) was a 19th century French novelist and precursor of naturalism in literature. Zolas most famous novels are the Rougon-Macquart (1871-1893), a twenty-volume saga that depicts the natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire. A committed writer