The bashi-bouzouk are irregular horsemen (that is to say, forming part of the auxiliaries enlisted for a campaign) of the army of the Ottoman Empire, with non-standardized and in practice very light armament, and a discipline weak. They participated in particular in the Siege of Vienna. The term me
The Ottoman Empire was founded by a family descended from the Kayı, one of the 26 Oghuz Turkic tribes who had conquered Anatolia in the 11th century. Under the reign of Osman I (Ataman) (`Uthman عُثْمان in Arabic which will give Ottoman in French, as well as the Turkish name Osmanlı given to his dyn
De facto dissolution In 1913, defeat in the Second Balkan War brought the Young Turks (Union and Progress Party) to power. In 1915, the core of the party organized, under the command of the Minister of the Interior Talaat Pasha, a policy of deportation and massacre against the Ottoman Armenians, a
The Empire slowly declined from the 18th century, failing to keep up with the rapid growth of European countries. In 1683, the failure of the final siege of Vienna (a disastrous defeat) is often taken as the beginning of the effective decline, triggering the first territorial losses. In 1782, Cathe
The Empire reached its peak in the 16th century, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, whose armies reached Vienna in 1529 and 1532, but besieged them in vain. But conversely, this advance will mark the limit of the expansion of the Empire in the West (as Aden will set the limit in the East).
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, also called Artemision, was the fourth of the Seven Wonders of the World. Its construction began in 560 BC. AD and ended in 440 BC. Its architects are Theodore of Samos, Ctesiphon and Metagenes. Artemis is the Greek goddess of chastity and the hunt. The ruins of E
The chryselephantine statue of Olympian Zeus is a work of the Athenian sculptor Phidias, made around 436 BC. J.-C. Now extinct, it was considered in antiquity as the third of the seven wonders of the world. Description According to Pausanias[1], the statue shows Zeus seated on his throne, a represe
The Lighthouse of Alexandria was considered the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and served as a guide for sailors for nearly seventeen centuries (from the 3rd century BC to the 14th century). The construction of the lighthouse would have started around -297 (the exact date is unknown)
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (in Greek Μαυσωλεῖον / Mausôleĩon) is the tomb of the king of Caria (Asia Minor) Mausolus (died in 353 BC). It was the fifth of the Seven Wonders of the World. The monument was admired since Antiquity for its dimensions and its decoration, so much so that we call “maus
The Hanging Gardens of Semiramis in Babylon, present-day Iraq, was the second of the Seven Wonders of the World. They are celebrated by Diodorus of Sicily, Flavius Josephus and Strabo, all of whom draw on older sources. Thus Flavius Josephus draws inspiration from the texts of a priest of the g
The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of Helios, in bronze, whose height exceeded thirty meters, the work of Chares. Remembrance of the victorious resistance to Demetrios I Poliorcetes (-305 to -304), erected on the island of Rhodes around -292, this gigantic effigy was overthrown in -227 by an earthq
(1). Bare ground leveled, and possibly packed.(2). Status:pile of stones.(3). Audits:rubble aggregated with Roman cement(4). Nucleus:pottery debris aggregated by fine cement(5). Dorsum:polygonal blocks of flint, or rectangular blocks of volcanic tuff or other surrounding stones, forming the surface
The conquest of Gaul by the Roman legions was greatly facilitated by a set of paths and roads, communication tools with multiple vocations (strategic, economic or cultural) between the cities of the Gallic peoples. The old roads were gradually Romanized and, combined with the new roads, formed a ne
The cursus publicus — the postal service of the Roman Empire — being, together with the army, the main beneficiary and priority user of the Roman road, it used these stages for the rapid delivery of messages and news. The system worked so well that its vehicles could travel, under favorable conditio
The mutatio is a stopping place distributed every 10 to 15 km, for the simple relaxation and the possible change of mount. There was a mansio every three mutationes. They were about 30 to 50 km apart. Held by the caupo, it is a well-equipped stopover place and possibly allowing you to spend the ni
In order to avoid detours as much as possible, the Roman engineers had developed a set of facilities for crossing the waterways. Fords The tracks often forded these. These areas were often simply paved or made of stone masonry with lime, supported by wooden beams. However, the excavations have br
The construction of a Roman road does not stop at the end of the actual construction site. A set of facilities will allow travelers to move around in the best possible conditions.Milestones At very regular intervals, in order to find their bearings in space, the Roman engineers erected mileposts al
The work of the surveyors was not confined to the calculation and staking out of the roads. Thanks to the huge amounts of data they were able to collect (distances between cities, obstacles, bridges, etc.), they provided the basis for the work of the people responsible for drawing up the maps. The
The different statuses of Roman roads The writings of Siculus Flacus, a Roman surveyor (mensor) of the 1st century, give us the following classification:The viae publicae These are the main roads of the Empire, the main arteries of the road network, connecting the great cities to each other. They
When the construction decision had been taken, the delimitation of the route was then entrusted to surveyors, the agrimenseurs or mensores. These surveyors used a few tried and true instruments: the groma, ancestor of the current surveyors square was used to facilitate the drawing of right angles.
Kurland , also Kurland , Latvian Short memes , region on the Baltic Sea coast, south of the western Dvina and named after its inhabitants, the Latvian tribe of Kuronen (Course, Cori, Cours; Latvian:Kursi). The Duchy of Courland, founded in 1561, included this area and Semigallia
The Mexico , officially United Mexican States , is located in North America. It borders the United States of America to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the south. It is bathed by the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean and stands out economically among Latin American count
As the day of August 15 went by , the situation of the German troops was deteriorating. The beaches of the Riviera were teeming with Allied tanks, vehicles and supply crates that a steady stream continued to reinforce. In the evening, the Allied forces had taken 2,000 prisoners and captured six town
French Congo , French Congo Français , French possessions in Equatorial Africa from 1897 to 1910, when the colonies Gabon , Central Congo (Moyen-Congo) and Ubangi-Shari-Chad were combined under this name Afrique Équatoriale Française (AEF). Thereafter the term Middle Congo was used t