- The Songhai Empire was situated between the Niger River and the Sahara Desert, giving it control over important trade routes. They capitalized on this position by taxing and regulating the trans-Saharan trade, which brought in significant wealth and influence.
2. Military Strength and Expansion:
- Under the leadership of Sunni Ali Ber, the Songhai Empire embarked on a series of conquests in the mid-15th century. Ali Ber's military prowess and organizational skills allowed him to subjugate neighboring states, significantly expanding Songhai's territory and power.
3. Political and Administrative Reforms:
- Sunni Ali Ber introduced several administrative and military reforms. He centralized power, reorganized the army, and implemented effective governance systems. These reforms enabled the Songhai Empire to maintain control over its vast territory.
4. Economic Development:
- The Songhai Empire encouraged agriculture, trade, and handicrafts. Timbuktu, the empire's capital, became a major center of learning and scholarship. The empire also established an efficient tax collection system, which generated substantial revenue.
5. Embracing Islam:
- The rulers of the Songhai Empire converted to Islam, contributing to the spread of the religion throughout West Africa. This cultural and religious influence strengthened the empire's ties with neighboring Muslim states and further enhanced its economic and political standing.
6. Diplomatic Relations and Alliances:
- The Songhai Empire established diplomatic relationships with other powers in the region, including the Moroccans. By forming alliances and engaging in peaceful coexistence, the empire was able to secure its frontiers and maintain stability.