The most basic irrigation system was a network of ditches and furrows that diverted water from a river or stream to the fields. The ditches were dug by hand or with simple tools, and the furrows were made by plowing. Water flowed through the ditches and into the furrows, where it was absorbed by the soil.
Buckets and Pails
Farmers also used buckets and pails to water their crops. This method was particularly common in areas where water was scarce. Farmers would fill the buckets or pails from a well or stream and then carry them to the fields. They would either pour the water directly onto the plants or use it to fill small basins around the plants.
Waterwheels and Pumps
As technology improved, farmers began to use waterwheels and pumps to irrigate their crops. Waterwheels were used to lift water from a river or stream to a higher level, where it could be distributed to the fields. Pumps were used to move water from a well or cistern to the fields.
Steam Engines
In the 19th century, steam engines were introduced, which could be used to power water pumps. This made it possible to irrigate large areas of land that were previously too dry for farming.
Center-Pivot Irrigation Systems
The center-pivot irrigation system was invented in the United States in the late 19th century. This system consists of a long, rotating pipe that is supported by towers. The pipe has sprinklers that spray water onto the fields in a circular pattern. Center-pivot irrigation systems are very efficient and can be used to irrigate large areas of land.
These are just a few of the irrigation systems that were used in the 19th century. As technology improved, farmers were able to develop more efficient and effective ways to water their crops. This led to increased agricultural production and helped to feed a growing population.