From Kyiv Rus to the birth of the Romanov dynasty [History of medieval Russia]

From Rurik (wikipedia)

Last time, I summarized the geography of Russia, so I will finally enter the production "History of Russia".

I will summarize the simple flow from the beginning of Russia to the Middle Ages. I feel that I can somehow see why Russia and Ukraine are said to be "brothers".

Ivan III often heard in Russian history And Thunder Emperor Is also here.

Birth of Kyiv Rus (around the 9th century)

The Germanic migration that began around the 4th century It was around the time when I was calm. Slavs have begun to migrate to the west, south and east.

Then, in the 8th and 11th centuries, Norman migration Begins. They also expanded into Russia.

It was Novgorod that was made at that time. It is a city called. Further south from there, the road to the Dniepru River-Kyiv-Black Sea-Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) " Varangian Road 』I will open up.

Thus, in the 9th and 11th centuries, the Slavic areas were invaded by Normans, and a number of small tribes continued to fight for land.

The Swedes , a sect of Normans, were increasingly required for social stability. Rurik When the person came, he was welcomed as the ruler. Rurik Meet this expectation, Novgorod region I will put together.

Also, Rurik After his death, a person named Oleg who supported his orphan was Novgorod . Not just staying south, Kyiv Also occupied. The new location is Kyiv Rus A grand duchy called is born.

After that, Rurik Descendants of Byzantine Empire And East Francia Otto the Great Rurik dynasty while interacting with As Kyiv Rus Continued to dominate.

Connection with the Byzantine Empire and the introduction of Christianity

In the latter half of the 10th century, Byzantine Emperor aims to further expand its power. Created a kinship with. Due to the marriage at this time, Russia Christianity Will be brought to you.

However, Christianity around this time Is a story of a time when we had a bad relationship in the east and west and were already in danger of division.

Naturally, Russia The eastern home of Constantinople Church Byzantine Empire under the patronage of From Christianity Is brought in, so the doctrine of the East is coming in.

The decline of Kyiv Rus

Kyiv Rus after Christianity Then, the code (Russkaya Pravda) was created, and after the replacement, relations with Western Europe were strengthened. I have come to the heyday. .. ..

Grand Prince of Kyiv Gradually declined in the wake of the struggle for successors (Kievan Rus's was a split inheritance system, so conflicts were created each time it was replaced, the territory became smaller, and many princes were born). Eventually it will become a country like a collection of 10 to 15 principalities.

The decline will be further accelerated, and the cause is Mongolian invasion . And Crusaders' expedition Can be mentioned. North-south traffic is now avoided to avoid danger. Along with this, Kyiv " Varangian Road ] Has become obsolete.

Kyiv in the 13th century Is Mongolian Army Occupied by Kievan Rus Virtually closed the curtain (1240). So-called " Tatar yoke We will move to an era under Mongolian rule called.

* By the way, Kievan Rus' As Kyiv Rus Is closed, but Principality of Kyiv Will continue to remain.

The rise of the chiefdoms

Mongolia In the middle of the 12th century before and after the invasion of the present Russia, Ukraine, Belarus , Some Poland And Latvia The chiefdoms were completed in. Let's take a look at some of the chiefdoms.

Novgorod Republic

Novgorod Was a swamp, so Mongolia Has given up on the invasion and has not been damaged, but the area is Teutonic Knights in the west, even if there is no invasion from the east. And Sweden Was attacking.

Mongolia It is good if the tax is controlled without completely controlling the occupied territories, and there is no need to worry about missionary work.

So, the Novgorod Republic , which had gained economic power through the Baltic Sea. Made a tribute himself and concentrated on the invasion from the west and worked to stabilize the country by thoroughly fighting and defeating it.

This was done by Alexander Nevsky It is a hero of medieval Russia.

Alexander Nevsky Is Prince of Novgorod Principality of Vladimir Also dominate. Grand Duke of Vladimir It has become.

Grand Duchy of Moscow and Principality of Tver

Hero Alexander Nevsky After the death of Principality of Vladimir Moscow over the Grand Duke of And Tver (Located between Novgorod and Moscow, south of Novgorod) is now in conflict. Relatives (the bloodline of Alexander's younger brother and the bloodline of his direct line) collided with each other because of a succession battle over abundant land. This place is Lithuania I am also aiming and sometimes intervening in the conflict.

In addition, Moscow ・ Tver Both countries

• Mongolia However, grasslands similar to their hometown had stronger control, whereas Moscow (Forest area) and Novgorod (Numazawa) was a loose rule.
• Novgorod-Volga River Located at an important point in the agricultural area, rich land =abundant tax revenue

It seems that the country was richer due to this background.

Eventually the confrontation between the two is Moscow Wins. Grand Duchy of Moscow Will grow significantly. That being said, the internal division will be repeated over the Grand Duke later. .. .. This internal conflict is Ivan III (Ivan the Great) Is settled.

Such Ivan the Great Is Byzantine Empire Married to the last emperor's niece Zoe, " Third Rome We have created a basis for claiming.

The Age of Ivan III (1462-1505)

Ivan III Marriage and Byzantine Empire With the destruction of, finally " Third Rome I was in a position to insist.

Pope just because it is called "Rome" Hoped that the Roman faith would spread in Russia, but it didn't work, and the center of the eastern church remained in Russia ( Russian Orthodox ). Will become). Rather, on the contrary, Catholic It seems that he had an antipathy towards the Poles and Lithuanians who worshiped.

Under such circumstances, Ivan III Finally Mongolia Lithuania , a neighboring country that ended its rule and became a powerful country I am fighting and giving in.

In addition, he created a new code, built a bureaucratic governing system, and moved to Iran in the Holy Roman Empire, the Roman Curia, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. .. .. And built friendly relations with neighboring countries and created a stable government.

He said, " Tsar (Russian translation of Caesar in ancient Rome, emperor) " Grand Duchy of Moscow I will show that I have become equal to the influential people of ancient Rome.

Ivan III who left a tremendous achievement But in his later years his sons were in conflict between their (his half-brothers) brothers. Then, the turmoil within the administration of the Grand Duchy of Moscow continued in the next generation.

The coronation of Thunder Emperor (1533-1584) and the outbreak of internal conflict

Ivan III Grand Duchy of Moscow as the next generation of Vasili III was. Vasili III Inherits the policy of his former king and implements territorial annexation and expansion policies.

On the other hand, his first marriage was not blessed with children, and he finally had two sons when he remarried 21 years after his coronation. He was a child after the age of 50, so he couldn't live long, and his eldest son was Grand Duchy of Moscow at the age of three. Will be enthroned to.

This child is Ivan the Terrible (Thunder Emperor) .. He is also known as a tyrant in Russian history.

Ivan the Terrible , growing up in an abusive environment in the midst of a power struggle from an early age and his mother dying on suspicion of poisoning. Growing up with a very suspicious and distorted personality that abuses small animals.

Still, he is a competent ruler,

• Grandfather Ivan III " Tsar 』Begin to use the name in earnest

→ From now on, Moscow Tsardom To call yourself

After
• Siberia Sibir-Khan Dominates countries of Mongolian origin, including
• Russian Orthodox Church under Tsar control
• Corrupt aristocracy reform

Through these, we will create a centralized political system.

* In Japan, it is often called the Grand Duchy of Moscow or Moscow, not Moscow Tsardom.

Behind this achievement is Ivan the Terrible With the spiritual support of her wife, she died. When she suspects that "the hostile forces of her wife's parents' home (the aristocrats of the vested interests) were involved" in her death, she rushes into the terrorist politics from which "Thunder Emperor" was derived.

The typical policy is " Oprichnina ] A system called.

Secret Police And finally tsar It has become like an executioner that kills hostile aristocrats and inhabitants of cities that communicate with enemy nations. In this way, the main bureaucrats were consolidated by those who were willing to do so, and military reforms were also carried out.

Further restricting the movement of farmers, serfdom Was thoroughly strengthened.

Serfdom Is plague epidemic in Western Europe → weakening feudal system It reached Russia around the 13th and 14th centuries, when it was declining. Gradually serfdom In the 15th and 16th centuries, the law prohibited farmers from moving land outside of certain periods.

* Western Europe is serfdom During the heyday, Russia had a peasant preferential policy to promote migration to the east.

Of course, there were serfs who wanted to "still want to escape" even if the law restricted their movement and imposed severe punishment when they broke the law.

Eventually, they settled in the Volga, Don, and Dniepuru river basins south of present-day Ukraine and Russia, but those who had no choice but to flow into this group, including not only farmers but also criminals, fallen aristocrats, and poor people in urban areas. It seems that there were many of them.

They are Cossacks meaning "free people" They lived a life without paying taxes while armed and hunting, gathering and looting themselves.

Eventually, the Russian government became a non-negligible group, so while keeping an eye on the rebellion, Cossack on the Russian expedition. use. Khanate of Sibir It is said that they were active in the expedition to.

His eldest brother, Ivan , was expected to be more and more fierce and capable. Is my father Ivan the Terrible Died in the shadow of his pregnant wife who bought his anger. Ivan the Terrible about three years later, suffering from the guilt of murdering his son Will take his breath.

The severance of the Rurik dynasty and the birth of the Romanov dynasty

Ivan the Terrible After Tsar Is inherited from Ivan Brother Fyodor However, he was born ill and had intellectual disabilities, and eventually Fyodor . Wife's brother Boris Godunov Will come to take control of politics.

Then Fyodor Died without his successor. Boris Godunov Was assassinated because he aimed at the throne? Was rumored.

Also, Ivan the Terrible Was born to his seventh wife two years before his death dormitory (Not recognized by canon law and made a prince) also died a mysterious death before Fyodor's death.

Thus Rurik dynasty Boris Godunov Is Tsar Is inherited. He is Thunder Emperor I started to move to establish a dictatorship system like this. Against Sweden in 1595 In addition to winning in, Poland during the Thunder Emperor era They regained the territory that they lost and lost in the war with such (Livonian War).

However, it was around 1600. Russia is famine Will be attacked by.

Rurik dynasty triggered by the great famine There are rumors that it was cut off Boris Godunov Ivan the Terrible in the midst of growing dissatisfaction with Youngest child dormitory A person who calls himself appears in Poland. Not only the peasant riots but also the aristocratic rebellions will occur.

The King of Poland plans to use this to seize Russian territory.

When the Polish army led by False Dmitry invades, aristocrats and farmers believe in this false dormitory and revolt. Boris Godunov got sick during that time Died and his eldest son Tsar The rebellion couldn't be stopped. .. ..

Eventually this false dormitory is tsar I will be in the position of.

However, this false dormitory was also killed during the subsequent rebellion against Poland, and the short-lived government continued one after another.

In this way, influential people from all over Russia became independent, and the authority of the tsar fell to the ground.

Birth of the Romanov dynasty

Grand Duchy of Moscow , which has been fighting with neighboring countries for some time .. The lack of strong leaders has made me feel a sense of crisis. In order to stabilize society and compete with neighboring countries, influential people will gather to hold a national conference (Zemsky Sobor).

The name was mentioned at this conference Rurik dynasty Romanov family that continues from the beginning of Mikhail who was 16 years old at that time is. He reigns with the support of his clan and influential people. Romanov , the last dynasty in Russian history Was born.