After the fall of the Spring and Autumn Annals, when Qin was destroyed in a short period of 15 years, China returned to a period of turmoil. It was Liu Kun that put an end to this. is.
There are novels, manga, dramas and movies called "Xiang Yu and Liu Kun", and in high school, "Komon no Kai" and non-history classes also appear, so I somehow heard the name of Liu Kun. There may be many people who have.
This is a summary of the period from the establishment of the Han dynasty to its decline. Please see the article "Xiang Yu and Liu Kun" until Liu Kun made Han.
What is the beginning of the long-term government, the Han dynasty?
While Qin was weakened and lords and lords stood up as rebels in various places, Xiang Yu and Liu Kun remained until the end. .. After four years of fierce fighting, Liu Kun unified China in 202 BC .. The Han dynasty was born by becoming the emperor. At this time, Chang'an is close to Xianyang, the capital of Qin. The capital is moving to.
Han Dynasty Politics
On the other hand, the Han dynasty is a teacher with the politics of the Qin dynasty that brought about a drastic change.
- Keep the bureaucracy only around the city
- The region is left to the senior vassals who have made achievements
We will govern in this way. The reason why the region was entrusted to the servants was that some lords who did not send reinforcements because the battle with Xiang Yu was barely sent reinforcements with the promise of "making them kings". Probably one of the reasons why it became.
Detailed explanation World history pictorial record (Yamakawa Shuppansha) revised
County prefectural system with a Qin-like governance system that sends officials dispatched from the center to the county for complete direct control. I call it. On the other hand, Han's governing system is a feudal system that seals the lords before Zhou. And Qin's county prefectural system County national system combined with Is laid.
Specifically, what kind of government system was used for politics?
Three Ducal Ministers , the highest rank among those other than the emperor Oversees overall national policy, and other ministers Nine Ministers Was engaged in practical work as the secretary of each independent institution. In addition, Grand Commandant Was virtually abolished in the 7th emperor's generation, and is basically Daishiba as the top of the military. Is to be placed.
Nine Ministers are not necessarily limited to nine because they include not only nine government agencies but also Jingo. It is sometimes called the Twelve Lords when the combination of Kingo Shigeru, Master Shosaku, and Aki Daicho.
What is the work of the Twelve Lords?
| Name | Work content | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Ceremonies | Jurisdiction over the mausoleum and etiquette | Originated from Qin's central officer, Ceremonies, the name was changed to Ceremonies by the 6th emperor. Order in the new dynasty between the Western Han and the Eastern Han The name was changed to, and it has been returned to the eastern Han dynasty again. |
| Minister of the Household | Miyanaka Guard | Originating from the guard of the armpit gate in the palace, Rochu Ordinance It was renamed in the Wudi Dynasty. It protects the emperor's personality and the Imperial Palace. |
| Minister of the Guards | Miyamon Guard | I was in charge of guarding Miyagi and patrol in Miyagi. For a while, Middle-sized husband Although it was renamed as, it has been returned to the Guards. |
| Minister | Car horse management | I managed Tenshi's car and horse. |
| Minister of Justice | Judiciary | Controls trials and punishments. Dairi And author There was also a time when it was called. |
| Reception and reception of visitors | Responsible for the barbarians who belonged to the Kings and Hans. He greeted him when he came to the morning, responded to the newly feudalist, and went out as a messenger of Tenshi when the Kings of Heaven died. | |
| Munemasa | Imperial family treatment and clerical work | Manage the family register of the emperor's clan, record the order of the princes (many of whom were from Liu Ichimon) and the number of years of life of the county. did. He was also in charge of punishment when an adult royal family violated the law. |
| Grand Minister of Agriculture | National Finance Officer | History of Awauchi , Grand Minister of Agriculture , Yoshikazu , Nagon There was also a time when it was called. In addition to managing money, grains and coins, he was also involved in the monopoly of salt iron from the middle of the Han dynasty. |
| Shofu | Miyanaka Finance Officer | Mainly collects taxes from Yamakawa and Ikezawa, and is in charge of the imperial miscellaneous affairs. After joining the Eastern Han, he also managed Tenshi's clothes and other items such as rare treasures and meals. Gonggong in the new dynasty It was renamed and returned to the name in Eastern Han. |
| Kingo Jingo | Security officer outside Miyagi | Lieutenant Called, in charge of security of the city. |
| Shosaku Master | Construction and repair of palaces and mausoleums | Originally Shosaku Shofu Was called. |
| Ochoaki | Managing the Empress | The highest eunuch official. Arrangements for people outside the palace to worship and attend the empress's outings. The Western Han was also from the private sector. |
There are also officials for each, but they are omitted.
On the other hand, in the local administration ...
Rural counties And prefecture Hometown system The above system called is established. A Chinese settlement is surrounded by a castle, and the unit of the settlement is pavilion . And, the biggest one among the 10 pavilions gathered town It seems that there was a subordination between the other pavilions and the township.
There is also a secretary in the prefecture, and in the case of a large prefecture, the "decree (later prefectural ordinance " ) ”, A“ chief ”was placed in a small prefecture, and the“ prefectural lieutenant ”was in charge of a police-like role.
In China, it is still used as an administrative unit, and in Japan, it has been adopted as a unit of local administration in a slightly different form, and it has become a system that affects the systems of neighboring countries and posterity.
Outbreak of the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu
Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu [154 BC] occurred during the time of the 6th emperor, Jing Emperor, when the Han dynasty was becoming stable.
By this time, the society and economy had become stable not only in the central Han dynasty but also in the kingdom governed by the princes, and there were cases (although in some cases) where the princes ignored the central dynasty. rice field.
Under such circumstances, a movement to "cut down the power of the princes" was born in the Han dynasty, and "confiscation of the territory" began due to minor mistakes of the princes and the kingdom.
In response to this, the Wu Chu Seven Kingdoms Rebellion occurred. is.
The Han dynasty, which won in this turbulence, will accelerate the centralized system and will reach its peak in the 7th emperor's generation.
I want to read it together
Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu
Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu Is a rebellion that occurred in 154 BC when Emperor Gaozu founded Han and the unstable interior of the dynasty calmed down and the power of the Han dynasty became stable. It will be a battle that has become a centralized nation from the original governing system and county system of the Han dynasty.
The decline of the Western Han
Under the reign of the 5th and 6th emperors, the government was so stable that it was called the Rule of Wen and Jing. Does not put much effort into domestic affairs and will stall in the second half.
* In some cases, the reign of the warlord was evaluated as having only benefited from the reign of the 5th and 6th generations.
Once under the reign of the 10th emperor, the power of the Han dynasty was regained, but after that, the power was lost due to the involvement of eunuch officials and consort kins in the dynasty. Finally, the nephew of the 11th Emperor Yuan of the Empress Wang Zhengjun, Wang Mang The situation was such that the throne was taken away.
What happened to the successive emperors of the Western Han
| Posthumous name | First and last name | Reigning period | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First emperor | High Emperor | Liu Kun | 202-195 BC | Demise of the Crown started by. An era of turmoil. |
| Second Emperor | Megumi | Liu Ying | 195-188 BC | |
| Third Emperor | Liu Bian | Liu certain | 188 BC-184 BC | |
| 4th Emperor | Liu Hong | 184-180 BC | ||
| 5th Emperor | Wen Emperor | Liu Heng | 180-157 BC |
|
| 6th Emperor | Emperor Jing | Liu Kei | 157-141 BC | |
| 7th Emperor | Wudi | Toru Liu | 141-87 BC | The heyday of the Western Han To meet. Although he succeeded in flashy projects such as expeditions (repelling Xiongnu, destroying neighboring countries), his domestic affairs are not good. In his later years, in addition to the [Peasant Revolt] that drove the crown prince to death for false accusations, peasant revolts occurred frequently. |
| 8th Emperor | Emperor Zhao | Liu Fuling | 87-74 BC | Emperor Zhao took the throne at a young age. Huo Guang, who has guardianship, takes power. |
| 9th Emperor | Abandoned Emperor | Liu Ga | 74 years ago (1 month) | |
| 10th Emperor | Emperor | Liu 詢 | 74 BC-48 BC | |
The emperor, who was a realistic legalist, stripped the power of the Huo clan after Huo Guang's death. ..
| ||||
| 11th Emperor | Former Emperor | Liu 奭 | 48-33 BC | Implemented a policy that emphasizes Confucianism. The ideal is over and it causes financial deterioration. To allow the eunuch officials to take the initiative. |
| 12th Emperor | Emperor Cheng | Liu 驁 | 33-7 years BC | Although he succeeded in eliminating the eunuch officials, the consort kin of his birth mother, Wang Zhengjun, emerged. His nephew took over because there was no real prince (there was a rumor that the empress of the Emperor had been killed). |
| 13th Emperor | Sorrow | Liu Kin | 7 to 1 year ago | He liked the male color and even thought about Shan Rang to the official who had a beautiful eyebrows, but when the emperor died at the age of 25, Dong Xian committed suicide. .. Wang Ichimon regained power. |
| 14th Emperor | Emperor Ping | Liu 衎 | 1-6 years ago | Grandson of the former emperor. He was enthroned by Wang Mang at the age of nine. After Wang Mang's daughter was erected as an empress at the age of 13, he died at the age of 14 (there is also a suspicion of poisoning by Wang Mang). |
| 15th generation | Liu 嬰 | (remains crown prince) | He did not take the throne, but is said to be the last emperor. Wang Mang wields power as a regent. |
New founding of the country and reconstruction of Han
Wang Mang Is called the last emperor of the Western Han Liu 嬰 New new as "received Shan Rang" from Confucian-oriented governance with the ideal of the reign of the Zhou dynasty Aim for. But ideal was ideal and not realistic. Various policies will go bankrupt.
* I personally think that the reason why Wang Mang is said to be raged in posterity is that he emphasizes Confucianism and violates the teaching of taking the throne. There is no way for a talented person to follow (the Empress Dowager's Wang Zhengjun also sweared at Wang Mang as "don't know"). "The" Mint "of the New Dynasty was found (external site)", so new discoveries may give you a different perspective ...
In addition, the status of "King" is taken up from the Xiongnu and Goguryeo of the surrounding ethnic groups, and it is called by a derogatory name to cause separation. It is difficult to go to subjugation without the cooperation of the lords, but the lords are also downgraded to "public". Naturally, the subjugation was unsuccessful and the finances were in dire straits.
The end of Shin and Wang Mang
As you can imagine, when the dynasty's finances are in dire straits, in the north, a confluence of peasants and bandits red eyebrows However, in the south, the Lulin-based civilian armed forces Lulin Rebellion by one after another.
In such a situation, later Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu Brother, Liu Yan (Ryuen) raised troops, and Liu Shu also participated later. Both are the 6th emperor, Jing Emperor (Since it dates back to about 6 generations, his kinship is separated and his father worked as a prefectural decree). They decide to join the Lulin Army.
The Lulin Army is Liu Xuan from the Han dynasty's sect, like Liu Shu et al. Because the person who said that was also participating and the scale became large, it will be a story of "let's decide the top". Liu Yan and Liu Yan are two candidates, but in the end, Liu Yan handed over the position to Liu Yan because he said, "I'm in trouble even if I split up ...", and Liu Yan is Gengshi Emperor . strong> Will be called.
When I say "new", I was in a situation where I was in a situation where I couldn't help being killed by the Red Eyebrows and the Lulin Army due to the messed up politics, so I sent out prisoners as soldiers as a measure of pain. Of course, it didn't work, and the prisoners ran away and went crazy. At last, the Lulin Army led by the Gengshi Emperor will kill both Shin and Wang Mang. The last Wang Mang was ruthless to be killed for the first time.
In the end, Shin ended up in a short-term government of 8 to 23 years (after AD) for 15 years.
The confrontation between the Red Eyebrows and the Lulin Army and the independence of Liu Xiu
Well, the remaining Red Eyebrows ...
Since the purpose was to "revive the Han dynasty," I decided to go down to the Gengshi Emperor.
However, after entering Chang'an, the Gengshi Emperor has a great deal of privatization of power. Since he does not put much effort into "agricultural measures" that are very important for the Red Eyebrows of the agricultural democratic body, and even the upper level of the Red Eyebrows is not sealed, he decided to divide, and after returning to the Red Eyebrows, Chang'an with the army Enter and kill the Gengshi Emperor. However, after that, the Red Eyebrows did not have the ability to control Chang'an, and they had to feed a large army and started looting ... Still, they could not do anything and returned to their hometown.
On the other hand, Liu Xiu was in a situation where his brother was killed by a faction of the Gengshi Emperor just before Wang Mang was defeated, and he himself was on the alert. He was monitored for a while and could not leave Chang'an, but when he had to attack Hebei, there was no suitable general and Liu Xiu headed for Hebei.
Even when he was in Hebei, he was targeted by a person who claimed to be the descendant of the 12th Emperor Cheng, but managed to safely Guangwu Emperor in the land of Hebei. Succeeded in coronation and independence. Eastern Han Is born. The year 25 AD was exactly the year when the Gengshi Emperor was murdered.
That being said, red eyebrows The peasant revolt, such as, continues to be unstable. Therefore, Emperor Guangwu embarks on suppressing the red eyebrows. The Red Eyebrows, who had fallen into a big pinch that could not support the large army, eventually fell to Emperor Guangwu while being scattered.
After that, if he continued to devote himself to the unification of the world and achieved the unification of China in 36 AD, he would 雒 yang the capital. We will establish a governance system that can be a long-term government while taking a policy of emphasizing domestic affairs.