I wrote an article about only a rough outline in "Changes in the Holy Roman Empire [Medieval Germany / History of each country]", so this time I will explain it including the flow.
Saxony (919-1024)
Saxony Is King East Francia Heinrich Issei It begins in the era of (a person who is also a member of the Capetian dynasty in the Kingdom of France).
The Germanic people have a custom of electing a king, and since the time of the East Francia, they have elected a king. King East Francia, Conrad I , elected in the election Henry the Fowler , the Duchy of Saxony at the time when (the former king of Henry the Fowler) was in an armed conflict It started with being recommended as a successor to prevent the division of the country.
This Henry the Fowler One of the children of Otto the Great And Holy Roman Empire It was decided to open the first dynasty of. This Otto the Great Saxony I call it.
Otto the Great Grandson Otto III Was aiming for the revival of the Roman Empire (=he was doing the Italian policy as usual), but died at the age of 21 without being single or having children. Otto III After that, my cousin Heinrich II Succeeded.
Heinrich II He is a devout Christian and willingly rebuild the church, which had begun to fall. Domestic appointment and dismissal of clergy (Right to appoint or quit) [ Investiture] He used to recommend a noble person to the priesthood.
At the same time, in order to weaken the lords, the lords' mansions and private monasteries were transferred to churches under the influence of the emperor. .. ..
By strengthening the ties between the church and the Holy Roman Empire, among the clergy.
Also created concern. This is the later Investiture Controversy It will lead to the flow of.
He was also sick and had no children, and in 1024 Saxony Is cut off. After this, Conrad II was unanimously recommended by the German princes. Was chosen Salian dynasty (Salian dynasty) Was born.
Salian dynasty (1024-1125)
Saxony Next was Otto the Great Daughter's grandson, Conrad II Salian dynasty started from is.
What was the heyday of the Salian dynasty?
It was the second generation Heinrich III who created the heyday. .. There have been movements to strengthen the kingship and weaken the economic base of the princes. Duchy of Saxony It seems that he was being watched in one of the countries that were damaged.
One of the churches, Benedict IX There was a pope who lived a disturbed private life. He is said to have not only caused the assault of murder and adultery, but also sold him to the pope.
As a result, three popes with legitimacy were born.
From Pope Benedict IX (Pope) (wikipedia)
It was Heinrich III who embarked on the reform of the Roman Curia. was. As a result, the three popes will be expelled and a new pope will be established.
Although the situation was unavoidable only by the situation, the church side Holy Roman Empire Of course, some people think that the intervention by the monarch is unwilling.
What is the relationship between the Duchy of Saxony and the Saxony Dynasty?
The Saxony people who lived near the base of the Jutland Peninsula (currently northern Germany to southern Denmark) gradually expanded their power in the 2nd and 4th centuries.
Eventually, it will control not only the southern base of the Jutland Peninsula but also a considerable area.
From the Duchy of Saxony (wikipedia)
King Frank Charlemagne at the beginning of the 9th century Will be placed under the control of. At this time, it was the Riudolphing family that organized the Saxony tribes. Later Saxony Will be opened.
The first Holy Roman Emperor from the Ottonian dynasty Otto the Great From that standpoint, he often tended to be away from Saxony. So it was the Billungs who entrusted the rule. People.
At this point, Saxony has completely left the Billung family of the Riudolphing family. It changed to the system of.
Heinrich III in that state Died at a young age, and his only 7-year-old son Heinrich IV took over. is.
The reign of Henry IV and the humiliation of Canossa
Heinrich III Heinrich IV as a formal successor, thanks to the fact that he set the table for his lifetime even in the sudden death of Will be succeeded. However, he was so young that he had no political ability, so his mother, Agnes , Supports her regent. At this point
- Lords :I had antipathy because I was suppressed by using a priest.
- church :While the emperor was wary, he forced reforms under the reign of King Henry III. He was getting antipathy
Because of this situation, I can imagine that if you don't do it well, you will be rewarded by churches and lords (especially the aristocrats of Saxony, an important place in Germany).
However, neither the church nor the princes are monoliths, but the antipope (supported by his mother, Agnes) antipope . It seems that not everyone was an enemy in a messy state.
Heinrich IV , although there are allies (it seems that the enemy of the enemy was also a type of ally) He had been struggling since childhood to the extent that he was kidnapped by some of the people in the church with his princes and took control of politics. Even in such a delicate environment, he will grow up until he manages to become a pro-government.
After the start of his pro-government, he also promoted Saxony management, but for the Saxony aristocrats, various things being said by the country become a source of dissatisfaction. After all, a rebellion by the Saxon aristocrats, Saxon Wars (1073 ~) will be caused.
In response to this situation, Heinrich IV He began to appoint his own breathtaking bishops one after another (because it led to the suppression of the princes). .. ..
This measure is the former dynasty, Saxony From the generation of the priests
"The emperor may take control of the church"
It was also a double-edged sword measure to be taken while the concern of
was swirling.
Heinrich III What was worried that "the church might be seized" in his generation became a reality at once in his son's generation. From the church's point of view, it was natural that it was difficult to accept the appointment of a bishop.
Heinrich IV Worst of all, just Saxon Wars It was the Cluny Monastery in France that was the Pope when Gregory VII was greatly influenced by It was (reigning 1073-1085). He was the one who wanted to get the church and the priests out of secular power.
* In the monastery, there was a strong movement to "learn well" to prevent corrupt priests (=church renewal movement). It is said that this movement began at the Cluny Monastery.
From Pope Gregory VII (wikipedia)
Gregory VII Is Heinrich IV Father, Heinrich III He is also one of the attendants of the Pope, who was banished by the reform of the church (← this person is famous for his integrity, but he was banished as a result of the conflict in the church). Coupled with such a background, investiture one after another Heinrich IV The relationship with him also got worse.
Investiture I want to regain Gregory VII He has also published a Papal Bull that prohibits profane people from appointing priests, but Heinrich IV Continues to ignore this and finally excommunication Will be done.
So, Heinrich IV Saxon Wars by excommunication from the church The confrontation with the lords, including the lords, put us in a disadvantageous situation and put us in a very difficult position. After all, he begs the Pope to cancel the excommunication in the land of Canossa Canossa's humiliation I fell into a situation called.
From Gang nach Canossa (wikipedia)
What is the result of Canossa's humiliation? ??
Heinrich IV Is Canossa's Humiliation After that, he tried to rewind and rewarded the church, but his second son (actually the firstborn because his brother died) Konrad Is Gregory VII Pope Urban II after his second generation I will be on the side.
* In addition, it was a female master called Martinida who persuaded Konrad to join the Pope.
Originally reigned as King of the Romans, going is Konrad Heinrich IV who thought he was the emperor However, due to this conflict, the Imperial Diet was held and the Roman throne was stripped from Konrad. Heinrich V Was designated as the successor to the throne.
However, this Heinrich V He also begins to be dissatisfied with the lack of real power, even though he has been appointed as a successor.
After all, Heinrich V Rebelled against his father, but unlike Konrad, he succeeded in getting the surrounding sacred princes to recognize him as a perfect successor (father Henry IV died in disappointment after this). ), And got the real power.
Thus, Heinrich V Becomes the emperor Investiture Controversy I signed a treaty to try to solve the problem, but the content is
"Instead of the King relinquishing his ordination, the church should return secular land, property, and rights."
something like.
When this content becomes public, the church side opposes it. He abducts the great men of the church and tries to forcibly resolve the coronation and the Investiture Controversy, but of course, it causes a backlash Heinrich V . Also fell into a situation of excommunication.
* Because I forcibly finished the coronation, I am an emperor.
The princes were each aiming to expand their power, so the church and Heinrich V The ties between the opposite lords will be stronger. Among these princes is the Duchy of Saxony, Rotar . Was also included.
As a result of these Izakoza, Heinrich V And Pope Is reconciliation And the 1122 Worms Agreement By concluding, the struggle for investiture will end.
As a result of this treaty, the emperor's status was further reduced, although he did not lose his substantial influence over the church in Germany. Heinrich V who had no children in such a disappointment Died. Here Salian dynasty It became.
Saxon Dynasty (1125-1137)
Going back in time, Heinrich V Was when he was the emperor of his lifetime.
Originally the Billungs ruled Saxony, but the last head died without a successor. So Heinrich V Is from the Süpplinburg family and later Lothair III We have selected the person who will be.
However, they later became hostile to each other, and the Salian dynasty The name will come to be mentioned as one who has driven.
Heinrich V Was trying to deal with this hostile relationship, but election because his person died shortly thereafter. To do. Lothair III elected in this way Took the position of emperor.
* Therefore, this Saxony dynasty has a different genealogy from the Saxony dynasty that begins with Otto I.
Such Lothair III He died without a succession. His son-in-law, Heinrich X , succeeded him during his lifetime. He wanted to ... but was never chosen.
In this way, the second Saxony dynasty was cut off for one generation only, and the Hohenstaufen dynasty We will enter a new dynasty called.