Medieval British History [History of each country]

It looks like this.

After that, Lancaster by the sideline of the Plantagenet family. Will continue, but I will introduce it in another article.

In this article, I will briefly summarize the basic flow, and I will proceed in the form of summarizing the parts that need details in another article.

Henry II's reign (1154-1189)

The Anarchy As you can see from the vividness from to the throne, Henry II What kind of king was Ikeike?

Angevin Empire with force and foreign policy It controls a vast territory, also known as, and has almost the western half of France in its hands.

In the map below, England, Brutagne, and the pink range (← territories recognized by the master-slave relationship with the King of France) are Angevin Empire . Will be.

On the other hand, internally, the government and judicial system were improved to strengthen the kingship, and the feudal monarchy in Britain was enlivened. Grandfather who was a great man Henry I I worked to stabilize the country by making good use of the systems and institutions left by.

Rebellion of his sons

I will explain in detail in the next update, "Background of the deterioration of relations between Britain and France," but Henry II Although he was active both domestically and internationally, behind the scenes he began to be estranged by his family due to inheritance issues, women's issues, and his love for his youngest child.

Alienor has become able to devote her affair to her husband's affair Young Henry to my father who was given a territory and became a lord but gave no real power , Richard , Joflois (← English name:Jeffrey) Against together.

* John at that time was still 6 or 7 years old, so it's irrelevant.

King of France Louis VII who noticed this problem Called on the French princes and became a large-scale rebellion.

However, Henry II at the time when he survived the fat with his sons who were still teenagers at that time. So, at this time, his father's overwhelming victory led to a reconciliation.

Conflict with Richard

After that, his original successor, Henry the Young King And Joflois Died in quick succession, Richard of the third son Became his successor. .. ..

Richard thought that his father's selfish words and actions such as "turning the territory to John" were conspicuous and "I could not get the real power". Has already replaced King of France Philip II Team up with his father. Experienced war hawk Richard Henry II Will be driven into a predicament.

John who was in the father's camp when he saw the situation Henry II because he betrayed his father (even though he was fighting his brother for him) and attached to his brother. Died of illness in his disappointment.

Richard's Reign (1189-1199)

Richard I reigned as King of England after the battle with his father However, "awareness as King of England" was overwhelmingly insufficient.

Because Britain at that time was a remote place unlike France on the continent. Henry II Angevin Empire created by Among them, there is a section that I thought that French territory was the main + I also thought that I was French.

From Richard I (wikipedia)

During his ten years of reign, he stayed in England for an extremely short period of five to six months, and of course England was left unattended, so his ability to govern is very poor in posterity.

Still Richard I Was a very popular king with the cool nickname "Richard I of England".

The reason is "just strong". Not only the battle with his father, but also the Third Crusade And his younger brother John (while Richard I was taken prisoner) Philip II tied with (Furthermore, Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VI Even when the territory is attacked by (collusion), as soon as it returns, it will regain the British territory one after another.

* The reason why Henry VI colluded with Philip II is briefly mentioned in "Hohenstaufen and Welfen [German History]".

Third Crusade Expedition Richard I who participated in Is himself or Philip II Archduke , a German organizer who wants the same treatment as the King Conflict with.

Richard I that the Archduke raised his flag when he took control of the land of Acre in the Middle East. The fact that (the person concerned) dragged it down became a decisive hit, and the relationship between the two became terrible.

The Third Crusade, which was a gathering of strong human beings, was out of step, and while many people arrived on their way home without fulfilling their purpose, Richard I, who remained until the end, was persistent until he signed an armistice agreement with the Ayyubid dynasty ( It was completely due to Richard that he was able to conclude an agreement under reasonably good conditions while his allies disappeared from developed countries).

However, when a storm struck on the way back, the wreck was more on the coast just beside the territory of the Duchy of Austria. He tried to return to the territory with a few companions, but was found on the way and became a prisoner of war.

The Duchy of Austria then sold Richard to the Holy Roman Empire.

However, his bravery was killed in action.

Richard I because he spent most of his life fighting and had no children. Is (already dead) another younger brother Joflois I was trying to let my son Arthur take over. But in the end, due to age, John Has been nominated as his successor.

Joflois To escape his father's rule towards his end

• (with his family) King of France Philip II I was close to
• The guardian of Arthur after the death of Joflois is Philip II

Partly because the aristocrats were worried that they would be interfered by France, the king finally John .> It seems to be the reason why it became.

John's reign (1199-1216)

The King of England basically follows Issei ◯◯ 1 and ◯◯ II. .. ..

In the case of John, he was a very unpopular king, so he said, "Let's stop naming the king as'John'." That was no good.

His name is " King of England / King of England " ] And it is disturbing.

From John [King of England] (wikipedia)

If there is any sympathy,

• His brother was soaked in the war during his ten-year reign, so he was paying for the war.
• He was paying a huge ransom because Richard was taken prisoner on the way back to the Third Crusade.

Therefore, the point was that it started from the place where the national treasury was completely empty. In this way, even though it is a negative start in terms of money alone, I will do various things.

John worsens relations with the church

The Pope at that time was Pope Innocent III So, it was a reminder of the time when the authority of the church was the highest.

He was excommunicated by the conflict over the appointment of Archbishop of Canterbury. This is also the British version Investiture Controversy Let's say.

At this time, John donated England and Ireland to the Pope and made him a vassal of the Pope.

However, Philip II by donating to the Pope in this case. It seems that it wasn't all bad because he couldn't attack England.

From Pope Innocent III (wikipedia)

The greatest prank of John's reign and the establishment of Magna Carta

John Is Philip II When the son of Joflois, a candidate for King of England, who was his guardian, was assassinated by John's supporters, he went into a full-scale war, and he continues to lose everything.

King of England As the name suggests, Gascony is one of the largest territories. If you lose all the French territories except, you will be turned away by the princes of England. His predecessor was a series of victories, a chivalry incarnation, and a charismatic existence, so there must have been a big difference.

Another way to look at it. .. ..

Now that he can concentrate only on the territory of England, he has become a stable and direct king since John.

Such John After returning to Japan after a devastating defeat in France, what he was waiting for was the Magna Carta (Great Charter), which summarizes the demands of the lords who raised war expenses without going through parliament and were subject to heavy taxes. is. But refused this. He tried to suppress the princes by force.

The princes who are inferior in military power decide to get support by flickering the throne of England to the crown prince of the King of France. The rebellion that took place ( First Barons' War ) During that John died.

Henry III to take over from now on He is still young, and the regents are in charge of politics, but the person who took charge of this regent is an excellent and promising person.

" Magna Carta Accept. He is too unbearable to inflict the sins of his parents on his child. "

And persuaded the lords. The princes who died John and had no reason to continue the war are Henry III . It was decided to recognize the throne of. In addition, the Pope has also withdrawn the Crown Prince of France, who had been supporting the rebellion in a big way by having him on his side.

* For the princes, there were many clauses that not only sympathized but also thought that the child Henry III could "move as he wanted", so Henry III, who later became a pro-government, cherished the French aristocrats. It is one of the reasons why I started to do it.

" Magna Carta" has come to be accepted in this way. Is the foundation of British constitutional politics It became.

Henry III's reign (1216-1272)

9-year-old Henry III Louis IX became King of France 10 years after his coronation Also as young as 12 years old, it seems that the princes who wanted to return to France before his father and grandfather were wriggling inside.

France's threat to England was much less during this period.

Henry III has grown to be pro-government Will frequently invade France after 1229 with the aim of restoring its territory.

Henry III gets Gascony

King of France Louis IX , who had already grown up since 1242 However, Aquitaine is occupied and it is in a difficult situation.

Louis IX Was a respected "mediator" and did not like the protracted conflict with England.

* The slightly darker green is the territory of the Kingdom of France. You can see that the kingship became stronger from 1180 to 1223.
By the way, the crown prince who aimed at the King of England in John's time was the father of Louis IX.

So

• Abandon Normandy and Anjou
• Vassal to France

Recognize the Gascony territory left by King John, provided that he does. The Paris Treaty was signed in 1259. It is a form that adds a button to the territorial problem after John.

Establishment of identity and establishment of parliament

At just a similar time, England was beginning to develop something like an English identity.

At that time Henry III

• French aristocrats are important
• Tyranny ignoring Magna Carta

We also do

.

As a result, Simon De Montfort is not convinced by the "repeated expeditions" and "heavy use of French aristocrats" when identity began to form. To invite aristocratic rebellion ( Second Barons' War ).

The rebellion is about 1258, one year before the Paris Treaty was signed. Simon's spouse is John's youngest daughter and Henry III's brother-in-law Therefore, it must have been a domestic affair that could be turned away from such a person.

This rebellion temporarily Henry III And the Crown Prince Edward Magna Carta I have been reconfirmed. Also, a parliament where many people can participate. Maintenance. Not only traditional priests and princes, but also low-ranked knights And two citizens from each city also participate Created a very advanced parliament that can.

The parliament was very well received, but when rumors circulated that Simon was aiming for the next throne, Edward escaped. Simon, who had begun to become isolated, was killed in action by Edward and others.

Henry III suppressed the rebellion in this way Return to his political arena, but died about six years later.

Edward I (1272-1307)

Edward I who succeeded Henry III Adheres to the policy of emphasizing Great Britain rather than his father's commitment to French territory. He turned his attention to Wales and Scotland.

Edward I was his father's political enemy Simon De Montfort Accepted the parliament created by the princes and confirmed the will of the unification of Great Britain to the princes.

This parliament was a very wide selection of people, including aristocrats, archbishops and bishops, as well as citizen representatives from each state and city. Model Parliament It is called (model parliament).

* Recently, the question "Is it really a model of the parliament?" Has been raised because the lower priests stopped participating after 1332.

The princes of England agreed with the possibility of expanding their territory, and raised military spending smoothly.

Wales invades Scotland

As a result, it is relatively mildly unified with Wales in the form of "the next king of England (the crown prince) becomes the king of Wales".

However, Scotland is forcibly invaded. Anti-English sentiment increased and I became addicted to the swamp.

The start of the British-French war

On the other hand, the only remaining British territory in France, Southern Aquitaine (Gascogne), is attacked by a Normandy-registered fleet.

Edward I By defeating this, Philip IV of the King of France He was accused of his responsibility as the lord of Southern Aquitaine and was told to "confiscate the territory of Aquitaine". Edward I for this treatment Of course repulsion. The British-French war has begun.

This little Izakoza will become a catastrophe later.

In addition, the start of the war caused the war expenses to swell, and the decision to raise taxes at his own discretion returned to a confrontational relationship with the lords before the coronation.

Edward II (1307-1327)

In fact, this Edward II .. John in British history He is the king who has received the lowest evaluation, competing for 1st and 2nd place. He was allegedly indecisive, undecided and uninterested in politics, and was abdicated from the throne on the way.

He was crowned by the death of his father, but ignored all his wills. He has also canceled the invasion of Scotland. At this point, the lords had become antipathy because they couldn't get new land. .. ..

Edward II is attacked by his wife Isabella

Edward II He has a tendency to build addictive relationships, and he makes heavy use of favored humans several times, making his relationship with his princes as well as his wife Isabella the worst.

Eventually Edward II Isabella became a mistress with a nobleman who was treated coldly and forced into exile in France. A coup d'etat was triggered and the battle was defeated. Edward II in Congress Is deposed and imprisoned. His end is disastrous, being watched by outlaws by his wife and being murdered by them (← this is also his wife's order).

Connection with the French dynasty

Notable in his reign was his wife Isabella (not the one that caused the coup). Is the existence of.

Her name is Isabella of France .. Daughter of the King of France is. She has a second son and a second girl with her, one of whom will be the later king Edward III . was.

Born between these two, he became the key person Hundred Years War Will lead to.

Edward III (1327 to 1377)

Edward III The year after his coronation, the Capetian dynasty in France was cut off. The last King of the Capetian dynasty Charles IV Cousin Philip VI From Valois Dynasty Begins.

From Edward III (King of England) (wikipedia)

Edward III at this time Philip VI , while he was only 15 years old and had no political power. Is in his mid-30s when he is in the prime of work.

Philip VI from the surroundings Succession to the throne was upheld and Edward III He is Philip VI , even though he disagrees that he has the right to succeed to the throne. I admitted the throne of. .. ..

If some problems arise between England and France

"Is the succession to the throne correct in the first place?"
"I also have the right to succeed to the throne!"

To insist.

In this way, what was initially a territorial dispute evolved into a "French throne succession dispute" and began with the Hundred Years War . It will be (1337 to 1453).

Plague outbreak

One of the major turning points in Edward III's time was the plague pandemic.

The epidemic of 1360-63 was the first to cause great damage in Britain, while the epidemic continued intermittently through trade routes since 1347. It seems that an estimated 700,000 to 800,000 people were killed.

This incident had a great impact on the manor system.

Due to the sudden population decline, the working population has decreased and the situation has become superior to workers, and citizens' opinions are easy to pass even in the parliament . It became.

In addition, this plague pandemic and changes in the power of cities will have a major impact on the Hundred Years War.

Then Richard II Was to succeed him, but since it was an event in the Hundred Years War, I would like to summarize it separately.