In the two Saxony dynasties,
- Investiture Controversy ・ Canossa's humiliation The emperor's status declined after that.
- The presence of the church has increased
- The emperor (Lothair III) was born from the lords [Duchy of Saxony] who gained power through a series of circumstances That
I talked about. This time, it is a story from the next generation of the emperor from the lords.
It would be uninteresting for the other princes to give power only to the Duchy of Saxony, so we will focus on those who do not have much territory. Conrad III is the "person who has a good bloodline and meets the conditions" that the lords can understand. That's how it was.
Salian dynasty The Hohenstaufen dynasty that began with Conrad III, who has a close relationship with him. I will look at it from.
* It should be noted that Ostsiedlung started little by little from this time. .. Since its heyday was in the first half of the 13th century, it will be mentioned in the next article on medieval German history.
Hohenstaufen dynasty (1st time:1138-1208)
Salian dynasty Emperor Heinrich IV Daughter and son of Agnes, Conrad III It started from Hohenstaufen dynasty (Simply the Staufen dynasty).
The family name comes from the Staufen castle in Swabia, southwestern Germany.
Hohenstaufen Dynasty (wikipedia)
From "Hohenstaufen Castle Ruins"
Conrad III Is a former dynasty Saxony Lothair III at the time of deciding It was also a rival horse.
Lothair III Heinrich X was pushing Because he was also the Duke of Bavaria and the Duchy of Saxony, he ruled the Duchy of Swabia in southwestern Germany (compared to) the weaker Duke of Swabia, Conrad III . The focus was on.
On the other hand, the son-in-law of Lothair III, Heinrich X From the perspective of the Saxon people, it was also a selection of people who remained dissatisfied with the fact that they were not selected in accordance with the law.
Salian dynasty from this one Staufen dynasty And Lothair III Welf family I think you can see the relationship.
Conrad III Heinrich X for this situation After his death
- Bavarian :Heinrich II (Gertrud's remarriage partner and half-brother of Conrad III)
- Saxony :Albert I (contributed to Germany's eastern expansion. It was sealed by the newly established Margraviate of Brandenburg, but at this point Brandenburg was a territory with a very weak social and economic position)
is given to try to collect. You had your relatives and those with weak positions rule the land so that you wouldn't concentrate your power on the Duchy of Saxony.
However, contrary to the speculation of Conrad III, the Duchy of Saxony Heinrich III (Also known as the Lion) is regaining these territories.
Reign of Frederick I
Heinrich III , as the name of "Lion" and the case of regaining the territory Was a good man and owned a large territory at its peak.
* Henry the Lion Is Ostsiedlung Hanseatic League Leading city of Lübeck Hamburg And Munich We undertake the construction of multiple cities such as.
However, it was the Staufen that stood there. Friedrich I , who was the most famous person and was called "Hero". was. He is the man who governed and coordinated the turmoil within the Holy Roman Empire.
Conrad III for having been prominent since the Duke of Swabia Chosen as a successor, he is the cousin of Henry the Lion.
Italian Campaign as the nickname is "Barbarossa" which means King Redbeard in Italian. It is famous as an emperor who put a lot of effort into.
This Italian Campaign Heinrich III who should have improved the relationship once due to the difference in the policy of And Roman Church Conflict is deepening, Heinrich III Expulsion from the Holy Roman Empire I will do it.
At this time, Prince of the Lion Heinrich III Relied on his father-in-law, England Plantagenet House Henry II was. He is one of the most powerful people in Europe, with a territory called the Angevin Empire.
As mentioned in the article about the relationship between Britain and France, Britain at that time was beginning to lose contact with France, so it was later Holy Roman Empire . It becomes a hint that not only Britain but also France is involved in the internal conflict.
On the other hand, Italian policy Friedrich I Has succeeded in expanding territories such as Austria and Burgund.
In addition, his son Heinrich has a Kingdom of Sicily in the south. Milan , the leading anti-Imperial city in northern Italy I am having a wedding ceremony at. This meant the cooperation of the great powers of the north and south across the Papal States, and seemed to have put great pressure on the Roman Church.
* The size of the Papal States has changed considerably depending on the times. This time, I made a map with reference to "Changes in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire (Hohenstaufen era)" in "What is the Holy Roman Empire? -Kotobank".
About the Kingdom of Sicily
Roger II was the first king of the Vikings to advance into Italy and the Kingdom of Sicily (Norman or Hauteville) was established in 1130.
His daughter is Heinrich VI (of the Staufen dynasty) Constanta who became his wife [Born in 1154, 33 years old and brother and sister of Guglielmo I], born after the death of his father, Roger II. Ruggero II also had a boy, so his son has taken over since then.
- Roger II [Reign:1130-1154]
- William I of Sicily (son of Roger II) [Reign:1151-1166]
- William II of Sicily (son of William I) [Reign:1166-1189]
I wanted to go straight to the boy if the boys continued after this, but William II Constanta couldn't have a boy with Joan, the sister of King Richard I of England, who married him. Was recognized by the aristocrats in 1185 as the successor to the throne.
Heinrich VI a year later Marriage has been decided.
So, Heinrich VI Is ostensibly the Kingdom of Sicily Staufen due to his marriage to Constanta Constanta married to a foreign country Sicilian people dislike the succession of the throne of Guglielmo II's cousin Tancredi Stand up.
On the other hand, for the aristocrats, Tancredi was from a prince, so many people were dissatisfied with the succession to the throne, and it seems that the Constanta faction was superior.
This twisted state will later lead to a rebellion in the Kingdom of Sicily.
For the Roman Church, which was reluctant to be sandwiched between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily, the state of turmoil within the Kingdom of Sicily was in a favorable situation.
I want to read it together
Holy Roman Empire and Lombard League
Crusaders Expedition Holy Roman Empire that has appeared many times in .. If you look into the Crusaders and medieval Europe, you will see many references to the relationship between the Roman Church and the Holy Roman Empire.
This time Holy Roman Empire Lombard League to counter the policies of the Holy Roman Empire We will explore the Northern Italian Cities Alliance called.
The throne of Henry VI and the Welfen dynasty
Such Friedrich I Also 3rd Crusade Died in an accident (including assassination theory and stroke theory) during the expedition. This heir married Princess Sicily Heinrich VI is.
I want to read it together
About the 3rd Crusade
Of the 7 Crusade expeditions, the 3rd Crusade was attended by the famous kings. I would like to see what kind of country the king participated in and what kind of process was followed.
Heinrich VI behind the preparations for a Crusader expedition to improve relations with the church Son Frederick II To inherit the throne to his younger brother Philip With the cooperation of these, we made it reliable.
Thus Frederick II Was elected as King of the Romans, but at a similar time to the election, a rebellion broke out in Sicily by those who did not like the ruler of the German king. Heinrich VI in response to this rebellion Will die of dysentery.
Frederick II around this time Was a child, and his mother, who was afraid that he would be better off by others, was the Pope's Innocent III . Relying on regent have become. However, his mother Costanza also died. Heinrich VI And her mother Costanza After his death Pope Innocent III Will be his guardian and Frederick II will be an adult.
Welfen dynasty (1198-1215)
The Welf family came to the fore while Heinrich VI died and began to mess up. Otto (The anti-Staufen dynasty initially tried to stand up Otto . Brother Heinrich However, because he was absent on the Crusades expedition, Otto was espoused).
Staufen dynasty who saw this situation seriously The lords of the supporters are young Frederick II Philip Was recommended to the King of the Romans.
Otto Pope Innocent III was accused of the throne because of the archbishop who "can officially coronate the King of the Romans" among his supporters. Is not Philip, Otto It seems that he decided to admit.
From Pope Innocent III (Pope) (wikipedia)
Frederick II, Philip Otto IV's reign and major events
Heinrich VI When he was 24, Emperor Frederick I The House of Welf begins to move when he dies and becomes the throne. Originally a bishop Otto Is Lothair III Since then, he has returned to the throne.
The confrontation between the Staufen family and the anti-Staufen family has become apparent.
* Staufen faction:Heinrich VI, Philip, Friedrich II
Anti-Staufen faction:Otto IV
Two years after the repatriation. King of England Richard I Was taken prisoner on the return trip of the Third Crusade. The huge ransom is the top of the Staufen faction and the emperor Heinrich VI The event happened to be paid to.
Otto Is my father Heinrich III And Frederick I From the conflict of (King Akahige), his mother's home Plantagenet dynasty There was a time when I was concealed by Otto IV because of that relationship. Also benefited from the Plantagenet dynasty (which was one of Europe's leading territories at the time). .. ..
The payment of the ransom will worsen the finances of the Plantagenet dynasty, and conversely, the warming of the Staufen faction will allow us to spend money on the necessary parts such as military power.
Against this background, the fact that Richard was taken prisoner had a direct impact on the power struggle within the Holy Roman Empire.
The following year Frederick II Is born, but a few years later his parents died. Pope Innocent III However, as I explained earlier, Philip was promoted by the Roman king because he was still a child and feared that he might be driven into the anti-Staufen faction.
As a condition, Otto He promised to "belong to the Pope," but he ignored his intentions and began trying to regain the authority of the emperor.
Otto Pope Innocent III Philip when he wants to get out of him Is assassinated by his daughter's marriage problem (1208).
From this background, in the end, Otto IV As crown I was supposed to be. .. ..
Innocentius III because "the story is different" for Otto IV, who continues to ignore the majesty of the church even after that. Is Frederick II In support, finally in 1210 Otto IV Was excommunicated and deposed.
Hohenstaufen dynasty (1215-1254)
Pope Innocent III By Frederick II Welfen dynasty after being endorsed From Staufen The emperor is back in.
This Frederick II Since he grew up in Sicily, he has a deep knowledge of the Islamic dynasty and is fluent in language. 5th Crusade Successful recapture of Jerusalem through diplomatic negotiations It is an unusual emperor who made me. He is regarded in the Middle Ages as "the emperor who was too ahead of the times".
However, due to the current conflict between the emperor and the church, Frederick II Excommunication.
After this, the conflict with the princes and the church continued, Frederick II . As a result of being able to establish an anti-king, the Staufen family Is rapidly declining, Conrad IV It is cut off in the generation of.
As a result of the continued power struggle that does not yield to each other, the interregnum It was decided to welcome.