History of Medieval Uttar Pradesh

History of medieval Uttar Pradesh, itihas ke swaal, up itihas se jude swaal, up itihas ke question answer, UP history question

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History of Medieval Uttar Pradesh

Triangular conflict (period of instability)

Yashovarman had established his suzerainty in Kanauj after the death of Harshavardhana in the first quarter of the eighth century, he conquered almost the whole of India, and made Kannauj again a glorious city. Yashovarman sent an army to Tibet with the help of Lalitaditya Mukta Peed of Kashmir and got success. But later Lalitaditya dethroned Yasovarman and killed him in 740 AD.

Between the Palas of Bengal, the Rashtrakutas of the south and the Gurjara Pratiharas of western India, during the period of the Ayudhavashiya kings, there was a competition for a long time to establish the supremacy over Kanauj, in which the last success was achieved by the Gurjara Pratiharas. The empire established by these people was no less than the empire of any Gupta-dynasty king or emperor Harsha in terms of expansion and fame. In the year 1018-19, Mohammad Ghaznavi defeated the Gurjar Pratihars.

The Chandela kings had successfully countered the invasion of Mohammad Ghaznavi in ​​District Bhukti or present-day Bundelkhand. His stronghold Kalinjar remained Ajay. The contribution of both the Chandela rulers, Dhaga and Vidyadhar salt in these battles was commendable. After the defeat of the Pratiharas, chaos spread again in Madhya Pradesh, but at the same time, peace and order was re-established with the rise of the Gahadwal dynasty and a new era of prosperity started in the region.

Govind Chandra (from 1104 to 1154) and Jaichand (from 1170 to 1193) were the two prominent Gahadwal kings. Due to Jaichand's short sightedness, Chauhan king Prithviraj III was killed in the battle of Chhandwara the next year. After this Meerut, Koil (Aligarh), Asni, Kannauj, and Varanasi soon fell prey to the invaders. In 1203, in Jejakbhukti, the Chandela king Parmardidev (the heroic legend of folk tales) was defeated and killed by Qutubuddin Aibak in a battle. Chandelo later took over the position and continued to rule for more than 2 centuries but his territory was reduced.

Sultanate period

Qutbuddin Aibak ascended the throne of Delhi in 1206 and from there the slave dynasty started. After the kings of the slave dynasty and after them the Khiljio and Tughlaq dynasty, the front gradually increased the limits of the kingdom of Delhi. From the very beginning, the area of ​​present Uttar Pradesh was a part of the empire of these people. The chief jagirdars were given Sambhal, Kada and Badaun, however, the entire state was often opposed to the Sultans of Delhi. The names of Katehar, Bhojpur and Patiali are notable in this connection.

Madhya Pradesh has a history of valorous resistance and barbaric repression in the 13th and 14th centuries of history, whose glimpses are visible in the works of historians of that time. The Tughlaq empire of Delhi had begun to disintegrate rapidly even before the end of this period and an independent state was established in 1394 by the Purvanchal Mission of the region. This was the kingdom and it was founded in Jaunpur by Subedar Malik Sarovar Khwaj Jahan. Who was the rebel of Nasiruddin Tughlaq. For 84 years, the Sharqi rulers fiercely resisted the rule of Delhi and did not accept the dominance of Delhi over Kannauj and other frontier districts.

Four years after the separation of Jaunpur in 1398, a Chughtai Turk of Samarkand, called Taimurlang or Tamerlan, invaded India. Although mainly the area of ​​Delhi and Punjab became the victim of the barbarism and bruteism of Timur Lang, but the area of ​​Doab was also not left untouched. For example, Meerut, Haridwar, and Katehar also experienced the cowardice of this attack.

The invasion of Timur ended the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty. The last Tughlaq emperor, Muhammad Tughlaq, died in 1412 and from that time the Tughlaq dynasty came to an end in Delhi.

The rest of the Tughlaq Empire in Delhi was ruled by the Sayyids and the Lodis from 1414 to 1526. Saint Bahlol, the founder of the Lodi dynasty, took control of Jaunpur in 1478, but the jurisdiction of Jawab remained subordinate to many Hindu and Muslim chieftains. In 1506, Sikandar Lodi founded the city of Agra and made it his deputy capital.

Sultanate major architectural constructions in Uttar Pradesh

Mughal period

In 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last king of the Lodis in the battle of Panipat, and captured Agra, but even after this, the Afghans continued their resistance in the Ganges valley at Sambhal, Jaunpur, Ghazipur, Kalpi, Etawah and Kannauj and Surrendered only after a hard fight.

Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire, but his son Humayun had to suffer a crushing defeat at the hands of the Afghan Sher Shah. Sher Shah was a symbol of the protest of Indian Muslims against the Mughals. Chunar, Chausa, and Bilgram were the main battlefields in the movie Battle Ho between the Mughals and Sher Shah. In 1545, Sher Shah Suri was killed while fighting with the Chandelas while trying to capture the famous fort of Kalinjar.

After this a series of important events started. Humayun again sat on the throne of Delhi and after his death the second battle of Panipat took place. The saint ascended the throne of Khabar Delhi in 1556 and a new era began in Indian history. This era was an era of peace, prosperity, strength, governance, generosity and integration of Hindu Muslim cultures.

This nature of coordination continued even in the time of Akbar's successors, Jahangir Shah Jahan. In this era of flourishing India, as Uttar Pradesh was called in the history of the society at that time, has been an important contributor. Akbar's two famous ministers, Todarmal and Birbal belonged to the region, and Agra remained the capital of the Mughal Empire until Delhi was made the capital during the time of Shah Jahan.

The Mughal Empire was hit hard by Aurangzeb's abandonment of the policy of liberalism and the result was that the mighty Mughal Empire was destroyed within a few decades of his death. In Bundelkhand, during the reign of Aurangzeb, the trumpet of rebellion was raised under the leadership of Veer Chhatrasal. This battle of the Bundelas lasted intermittently for about 50 years.

Chhatrasal had to accept the help of Peshwa Bajirao and thus the Marathas got a foothold in Uttar Pradesh. In 1732, Shahadat Khan, the local Subedar of Awadh became independent and after that his successors continued to rule till 1856. Around the same time, Ruhelo had also established an independent state and remained the ruler of Rohilkhand till 1774.

He was defeated by the Nawab of Awadh with the help of the East India Company in the said year. For some time the Marathas made efforts to establish their dominion over the Ganga-Yamuna doab. But the defeat at Panipat in 1761 put an end to his expansionist spirit. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the British had strengthened their position in response.

Samples of Mughal period architecture in the state

Nawab of Awadh

Martyrdom of Burhan-ul-Mulk (1732-1739)

Saadat Khan became the Nawab of Awadh in 1732. In 1732, he established Oudh as an autonomous state. In the year 1733, Sadat introduced a new land revenue and land revenue system in Awadh to save the peasants from zamindari exploitation. In 1739 he was taken prisoner in Delhi in the fight against Nadir Shah and he committed suicide.

Safdar Jung (1739-1754)

Safdar became the Nawab of Awadh in 1739. In 1748, he was made the Wazir of the Mughal Empire and the province of Allahabad was also handed over. The successors of Safdar Jung came to be known as Nawab Wazir.

Shujauddaula (1754-1775)

Shujauddaula became the Nawab Wazir of Awadh in 1754. He fought with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II against the British East India Company in the Battle of Buxar in 1764. Shujauddaula made the Treaty of Benares with Warren Hastings in 1773. Under this treaty, he bought Allahabad and Kara again and agreed to keep the British army in Oudh. With the help of the British, he took Rohilkhand in Oudh in 1774.

Asfuddaula (1775-1779)

Asaf-ud-Daula signed the Treaty of Faizabad with the British East India Company in 1775. Under this treaty, he increased the debt of the company. Asaf-ud-daula I shifted the capital of Awadh from Faizabad and established it in Lucknow.

Wajid Ali Shah (1847–1856)

Wajid Ali Shah was the last Nawab of Awadh. Lord Dalhousie Nation annexed Oudh in 1856 to the British state and exiled the Nawab to Kolkata by giving him a pension.

Important facts to remember

• The founder of the Mughal Empire, Babur made Agra his capital.
• The Taj Mahal and Moti Masjid in Agra built by Shah Jahan are the best symbols of architecture.
• The birth place of Bhagat Sant Malukdas was Kada.
• The Mughal emperor Akbar defeated Ramchandra, the ruler of Kalijar, in 1569.
• Qutubuddin Aibak had established authority over Koil in 1192 AD.
• The Chandel ruler of Garhkundar was Pramal during the time of Prithviraj Chauhan.
• In 1531 AD, Garhkundar was the capital of Bundelaw.
• Atala Mosque is the epitome of Sharqi architecture.
• Jaunpur was called Shiraz-e-Hind.
• Lakshmi Bai's palace in Jhansi, Mahadev temple, Mehndi Bagh still exist.
• Salim (Jahangir) was born in the Khanqah of Sheikh Salim in Fatehpur Sikri.
• The Mosque was built by the Mughal emperor Babur in Sambhal.
• The Mughal Emperor Akbar built his tomb in Sikandra, which was completed by Emperor Jahangir in 1613 AD.
• The tripartite conflict related to Kannauj took place between the Pal Gurjara Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas, in which the Vijay Gurjara Pratiharas were.
• Akbar founded the city of Fatehpur Sikri in 1572.
• Malik Sarwar Khwaja Jahan founded the Sharkos kingdom in Jaunpur in 1394.