- Portugal
- Spain
- England
- France
- Netherlands
African Countries Involved:
- Portuguese and Spanish colonies in Africa (e.g., Angola, Mozambique, Guinea, Senegal)
- Senegambia
- Sierra Leone
- Gold Coast (Ghana)
- Bight of Benin
- Bight of Biafra
- Cameroon
- Gabon
- Congo
- Angola
- Mozambique