- Weakening of the central authority: As the Mughal emperors became increasingly weak and disinterested in ruling, the power gradually shifted to regional governors and military commanders. This led decentralisation and lack of coordination, making it difficult for the empire to effectively respond to internal and external challenges.
- Invasion and conflicts with neighbouring powers: The Mughals faced several invasions and conflicts with neighbouring powers, such as the Marathas, Afghans, and Sikhs, who increasingly challenged Mughal authority. These conflicts drained the empire's resources and diverted attention from internal administration and development.
- Economic decline : The Mughal Empire faced economic challenges, such as decline in agricultural productivity, disruption of trade routes, and increasing expenditure on military campaigns. This led to financial instability and made it difficult for the empire to maintain its vast territories.
- Lack of modernisation: The Mughal Empire failed to keep pace with the military and technological advancements that were taking place in other parts of the world. They relied on traditional military tactics and weapons, while their rivals adopted newer strategies and technologies, giving them an advantage in conflicts.
- Religious conflicts and intolerance: Mughal policies towards religious minorities, particularly Hindus and Sikhs, created resentment and hostility. This led to uprisings and conflicts that further weakened the empire.
- Administrative inefficiency and corruption: The Mughal administration became increasingly inefficient and corrupt, with officials more concerned with personal gains rather than the well-being of the empire. This led to discontentment among the population and undermined the empire's stability.
The combination of these factors gradually led to the decline and eventual collapse of the Mughal Empire.