What kind of great life did Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the last shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate, live?

NHK Taiga drama that started on February 7, 2021 [ Reach Beyond the Blue Sky ], The life of Eiichi Shibusawa, who is called the father of Japanese capitalism, will be played.

Among them, Yoshinobu Tokugawa, who plays Tsuyoshi Kusanagi, was sometimes picked up.

In the first broadcast, I was surprised at how fit the role was, which I couldn't think of as Tsuyoshi Kusanagi, even though I only appeared for about 5 minutes at the beginning.

Previously, Eiichi Shibusawa himself wrote it lightly, so this time I would like to focus on Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the last shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

A simple portrait of Yoshinobu Tokugawa

Speaking of Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the Taisei Hokan, the last shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate who returned his government to the imperial court, has become a common sense that every Japanese knows. Moreover, it is difficult to call it a form that does not shed blood as much as possible.

From an early age, he is said to have a fast-moving head and always thought about things rationally. I don't know if his head is spinning too fast or he's tired of it, but he sometimes throws out his decisive decisions, and his vassals seem to have been swayed.

General guardianship He has been active in the shogunate since that time, but because of his fluent and selfish personality, he argued around him, and as a result, he seemed to be hated by his vassals as well as his political enemies.

Since I had been interacting with the imperial court in Kyoto before I became a shogun, Ooku became an inexperienced shogun who never entered Edo Castle.

For better or for worse, it was evaluated that he was able to survive this difficult situation because he was a person who was far from the feeling at that time, and most researchers are definitely one of the people who laid the foundation of Japan after the Meiji era. It seems that we are doing it.

In his later years, Kyudo, oil painting, hunting, Dakyu, Go, Shogi, embroidery, making sweets He had various hobbies such as, and his skill was professional. Among them, the shuriken is a master, and it was Yoshinobu's life work.

He was the only general who had never experienced Ooku, but he was with 20 maidens when he moved to Shizuoka. However, in order to hinder the actual life, we narrowed down to two people and set up 10 boys and 11 girls, and the women were close to each other and both the children lived in harmony without being particularly conscious of their mother.

As a result, he will end his life with a lot of children who are the third largest shogun in history and the longest age of 77.

Yoshinobu Tokugawa, who was said to be the return of Ieyasu Tokugawa

Yoshinobu Tokugawa (hereinafter Yoshinobu) Is the lord of the Mito domain, Nariaki Tokugawa 1837 as the seventh son of Born in the Mito clan's residence in Edo. Speaking of the Mito clan, the Tokugawa Gosanke family was far from the Owari and Kishu families, who had a strong blood of the 8th shogun Yoshimune, and were only distant relatives.

In addition, the feudal lord, Nariaki, was sought after by Ooku and Fudai Daimyo, and although he was expected to be the 13th Shogun Iekei and was once nominated as a general candidate, he could not take the position of the 14th Shogun. ..

However, because he was the lord of the Mito domain, he was placed in an environment where it was extremely difficult for him to shake his arms because he was struck by smoke from the surroundings even though he entered the center of the shogunate.

Yoshinobu, who was born under the Mito feudal lord Nariaki under such circumstances, moved from Edo to Mito under the policy of the feudal lord when he was educated by the national license (Kumomoto) seven months after birth.

In Mito, Clan School / Kodokan He was taught by Aizawa Seishisai about scholarship and martial arts, and he was particularly fond of shuriken, and he was a master of shuriken. Yoshinobu's talent became popular, and the feudal lord, Tokugawa Nariaki, decided not to adopt him to another family, but to keep it in Mito as a copy of his eldest son, Tokugawa Yoshiatsu.

Hitotsubashi family inheritance and general succession problem

August 1, 1847 , Masahiro Abe , an old man who headed for the Mito Domain at the will of the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi Three Lords He offers to welcome the Hitotsubashi family. In response to this, Yoshinobu left Mito, where he spent nine years, and inherited the Hitotsubashi family. At this time, I received a letter from Shogun Ieyoshi [ Yoshinobu ] And renamed.

After that, Shogun Ieyoshi recommended Yoshinobu to Shogun, but gave up because of the opposition of Masahiro Abe.

1853 When the 12th Shogun Ieyoshi Tokugawa died in the turmoil of the arrival of the Black Ships, 13th Shogun Iesada Succeeded. However, because he was ill, he was unlikely to have a boy, so the 14th Shogun's succession problem Emerged in the shogunate.

At this time, Rōjū Abe Masahiro, Shimazu Nariakira, Matsudaira Yoshinaga, Tokugawa Nariaki Is Yoshinobu Ichihashi (Tokugawa Yoshinobu) And conservative Fudai Daimyo and Naosuke Ii In Ooku, the Kii feudal lord, Iemochi Tokugawa , has a close bloodline. Hitotsubashi faction and Nanki faction Is in conflict.

1858 Masahiro Abe / Nariakira Shimazu , who played a central role in the Hitotsubashi faction. Naosuke Ii was appointed as the elder after he died one after another. The issue of Shogun's succession accelerated at a stretch, and 14th Shogun Iemochi Tokugawa To decide.

Ansei Purge and Sakuradamon Incident

At the same time, Naosuke Ii is Japan-US Treaty of Amity and Commerce To buy the antipathy of public opinion by connecting without permission ...

Mito Domain, Nariaki Tokugawa Opposes this signing drama that neglects the imperial court, and goes to the castle with Matsudaira Yoshinaga and others to make a direct interview with the elder Ii Naosuke, but he is pointed out that he will climb the castle without permission 1859 Retirement discipline It will be. At this time, Yoshinobu was not punished without permission because it was the day of the Gosankyo's climb, but he was punished for unknown cause.

Taking this opportunity, Naosuke Ii, the elder, began to carry out politics that suppressed the Hitotsubashi faction. This series of crackdowns Ansei Purge Is called.

Naosuke Ii strong politics tries to deal with the national crisis by strengthening the centripetal force of the shogunate, not by cooperating with various clan. But it didn't last long 1860 The Mito clan hanshi were angry at the insulting treatment of the main family, and ambushed and assassinated Naosuke who was climbing near the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle. Sakuradamon Incident Will occur.

In this unprecedented case in which an active elder (Rōjū) was assassinated by a feudal lord, the authority of the shogunate was further destroyed, and instead, the imperial court in Kyoto and the lords of the West who had taken over it joined the administration. I will take over.

Soon after, Nobumasa Ando and Hirochika Kuze It was on September 4th of the same year that the crackdown by Ansei Purge was lifted and the Hitotsubashi faction was freed.

Become a guardian of the shogun and wield power

1862 Hisamitsu Shimazu and others intervened in the personnel affairs of the leaders of the Shogunate with the decree as a shield, and Yoshinobu Tokugawa Will be appointed as a guardian of the shogun. As a result, Yoshinobu and his colleagues, who took the initiative in the shogunate, reformed the shogunate and Kyoto Shugoshoku . Matsudaira Katamori We took measures such as easing the change of attendance.

This series of reforms is Bunkyu Reform Is called.

Around this time, in the imperial court, the officials were treated by the Sonno Jōi feudal clan in a good way, and demanded that the shogunate carry out the shogunate as soon as possible. In particular, Emperor Komei strongly believed that foreigners should not invade the beautiful Japan that successive emperors have continued to protect.

Not only in the imperial court and the emperor, but in Japan at this time, most of them were [ Sonnojoi . ] It is also said that it was. Life itself was dangerous if I talked about the theory of opening the country.

Also, in the actual exchanges with other countries, the Shogunate was keenly aware that Japan could not compete with other countries, and thought that there was no way it could be done. Since the treaty was concluded with that conclusion, it was impossible to eliminate or attack foreign countries while the port was actually opening.

However, the current situation is that all the people involved in the shogunate cannot openly insist on the theory of opening the country, and they are doing it while pretending to be ridiculous for the time being.

That is why Yoshinobu Tokugawa from the Mito Domain of Joi Thought He had received everyone's expectations, but Yoshinobu himself was well aware of the impossibility of slaughter, and because of his curiosity, he longed for foreign cultures and opened the country in his heart. I think it was a school.

Soon, the imperial court was numb. From Joi's Edict for a limited time to Yoshinobu Came down.

Yoshinobu responded to the emperor's direct order [ May 10 ] I made a simple agreement to execute it. And he headed to Edo in Kyoto for the shogun, who had left behind saying that he was ready for jōi.

Upon returning to Edo, Yoshinobu sent a letter to the imperial court to resign from the shogun's guardianship. Although the authority has been lost, the shogunate, which is the largest armed group in Japan, is indispensable for the expulsion, so the imperial court desperately demanded Yoshinobu's detention in order to avoid the resignation of the real top.

I don't know if he made a guts pose, but Yoshinobu, who was detained, will head to Kyoto again. The center of the administration around this time was not in Edo, but in Kyoto, which is the knee of the imperial court.

San'yo Kaigi and Yokohama Port Blockage Issue

Around the same time, in Kyoto, the Choshu clan of the Sonno Jōi sect, who had taken power in the imperial court, was expelled from Kyoto Political change on August 18 . Happened. For Yoshinobu, it was probably created without the noisy Choshu clan, but instead the Satsuma clan came to dominate the imperial court.

There, Yoshinobu came into conflict with the Satsuma Domain in an attempt to take the initiative in Kyoto.

The Satsuma clan had already felt the military power of foreign countries in the Satsuma War, and when they were turning to the opening route when they could no longer compete, they were trying to draw the officials toward themselves by hitting a large piece. ..

The imperial court set up a san'yo kaigi so that the samurai could join the meeting. The members are Yoshinobu Tokugawa, Hisamitsu Shimazu (Satsuma), Harutake Matsudaira (Fukui), Munenari Date (Uwajima), Yamauchi Toyoshige (Tosa) Gathered and shared wisdom.

Yoshinobu, who knew that the Satsuma Domain was behind the scenes at this conference, deepened the conflict between the Satsuma Domain and the Yokohama Chain Port issue at this conference as well.

The Yokohama Chain Port Problem is a problem that the imperial court requested to close Yokohama, which had already opened. On the other hand, Yoshinobu said, [ I can't do it . ] But I was concerned about public opinion [ I was thinking of closing Yokohama as a shogunate ] I was acting in the wind.

However, the imperial court also knew that the blockade of Yokohama Port was impossible in reality, and while knowing that, it was a request to annoy the shogunate, but Yoshinobu gave an OK easily, so the imperial court was also surprised [ this time. It's a mistake to block it, so don't do it ♡ ] To Yoshinobu.

In response to this, Yoshinobu rushed to Asahiko's mansion with the members of the conference to tear off Satsuma, and with the momentum of drunkenness, he told Hisamitsu [ This great idiot in the world! ] And so on, and stabbed Prince Kuni Asahiko with a nail that he should not trust the foolish things.

If this happened, the meeting couldn't be continued properly, so the San'yo Kaigi soon disassembled in the air. According to one theory, Yoshinobu did it to destroy the San'yo Kaigi itself.

Failure to conquer Choshu and the end of the Shogunate

March 1864 In addition, Yoshinobu is a general guardian Quit Forbidden Guardian Governor have become.

The imperial court is the imperial court, which means that Yoshinobu will build a power base that is semi-independent from the center of the shogunate. In July of the same year, the Choshu clan, who had been exiled from Kyoto, was dispatched, and the Kinmon incident became angry, and the Satsuma clan demonstrated its strength as a soldier. Yoshinobu is also Forbidden Guardian Governor I played an active part as and showed its presence.

The Choshu clan was afraid to fight at the Imperial Palace, and the wrath of Emperor Komyō was bought. * First Choshu Expedition

If the Choshu clan was completely beaten at this time, the authority of the shogunate would be restored and the center of politics would remain in the Tokugawa family, and Yoshinobu Tokugawa might have continued to be a great monarch in the Meiji era.

However, Satsuma's Saigo Takamori appeared before Yoshinobu as a staff member of the Shogunate army. was. At that time, Saigo was an influential person in Satsuma, and in the Kinmon Incident, he was a key player in repelling the Choshu clan. That said, I was beginning to think that the time would come when the power of the Choshu clan would be needed.

In order for our Satsuma domain to replace the shogunate and eventually create a new government, the Choshu domain had to have the power to the extent that it would not die. Then, the conquest of Choshu was completed by just holding out some of the heads of the Choshu clan's elders as planned by Saigo.

At first, I wanted to show the intention of Kyojun to the Shogunate, but since it was originally a hardcore anti-Shogunate clan, Shinsaku Takasugi and Hirobumi Ito, who were influenced by Shoin Yoshida, went to Choshu. Geki * I skipped. * Kozan-ji revolt by Shinsaku Takasugi in December 1864

The Choshu clan, who awoke with this, will take the stance of the anti-shogunate again.

Then, a military alliance was formed between Satsuma and Choshu under the surface of the water, and Choshu had a lot of trouble with Satsuma since the political change and the Kinmon Incident in Bunkyu 3 years, but Ryoma Sakamoto and Shintaro Nakaoka The mediation was fruitful, and the Satsuma Alliance, in which the enemies joined hands, was signed.

On the other hand, the shogunate, who had been struggling with the Choshu clan who stopped listening to what he said again, refused to send troops to the second Choshu expedition, and the other clan were not in line for financial reasons. Even so, the war finally started in 1866, but the Choshu clan soldiers who were enthusiastic about the defeat and the shogunate army who did not like it could not compete, and the shogunate army was dismissed by the Choshu clan.

Birth of the 15th Shogun Yoshinobu Tokugawa

Shogun Iemochi who had been stuffed in Osaka Castle for a long time due to the Choshu expedition Is 1866 When he died, Yoshinobu's theory emerged from the Shogunate and persuaded him. However, Yoshinobu, who has many enemies even in the shogunate, did not receive this immediately and inherited only the reign of the Tokugawa family first.

It seems that Yoshinobu had a clear intention to open the country at that time, so if he receives a shogun, he can open the country, right? I don't know if he thought, but he reluctantly pretended to be a shogun. What's more, he wasn't motivated, but he said that everyone would say so, so let's do it ...

Yoshinobu Tokugawa became the 15th Shogun. Suddenly issued an order to strengthen the attack on Choshu and motivated him, but when he learned that Kokura Castle on the front line of the Shogunate army had fallen and could not recover from the war situation, he pulled up his soldiers because he had no advantage. I was going.

This unmotivated pull is the moment when the authority of the shogunate has virtually disappeared beyond the fall It may have been. It is said that Matsudaira Yoshinaga, who has supported Yoshinobu until now, has given up on the shogunate, led by the Satsuma and Tosa domains.

The end of the Bakuhan system and the repatriation of the great government

Since the bakuhan system has virtually stopped functioning, it was decided to decide by a collegial system of daimyo. Therefore, the Satsuma domain tried to involve the influential domain as much as possible Retsuhan meeting . I tried to do things in the form of May 1867 . Shikō Kaigi in Kyoto Was opened. Members are Hisamitsu Shimazu, Yamauchi Toyoshige, Matsudaira Yoshinaga, Date Munenari, Yoshinobu Tokugawa was.

Therefore, Yoshinobu, who wants to take the initiative of the Shogunate, tries to solve the Hyogo port opening problem, but Hisamitsu Shimazu tries to procrastinate the Choshu problem before the port opening problem, but Yoshinobu's lords do it. There was no way.

At the pace of Yoshinobu from beginning to end, we were finally able to win the royal charter for the opening of Hyogo from the imperial court. For the first time in this matchlessness, Satsuma's influential person, Takayoshi Kido, says that this formidability was the return of Ieyasu.

The feudal lords were trying to get along with Yoshinobu Tokugawa in a peaceful discussion, but they were argued with ease and couldn't handle it, so they decided to settle with Tokugawa by force. did.

Therefore, the feudal lords Iwakura Tomomi of the Kuge From the imperial court to the Satsuma Domain and the Choshu Domain [ Defeat the Shogunate ] I decided to have the secret imperial religion of the debate.

Yoshinobu, who was aware of these disturbing movements, returned the authority of the shogunate to the imperial court before the debate group began to move [ Taisei Hokan . ], And let's cut down the cause of the defeat group's defeating the shogunate It was made.

As a matter of fact, even if the imperial court suddenly regained power, it seems that he had no choice but to rely on Tokugawa, who has the greatest military and economic power. He had been asked by the Tosa domain to repatriate the Taisei Hokan, and he seemed to decide to do it at this time.

At this point, it can be seen that the Tosa domain was considerably more from the shogunate than Satsuma and Choshu. Perhaps Kazutoyo Yamauchi, the founder of the Tosa domain, had the grace of being given Tosa Ieyasu by Ieyasu.

The national policy may have been in the opposite position to the Choshu clan and the Mori clan.

Yoshinobu decided to board this Tosa clan's crossing ship, and on October 14, 3rd year of Keio, the same day that the secret imperial rescript of the debate was sent to the chief of the Satsuma in the back work of Iwakura, Yoshinobu Tokugawa made a wish for the repatriation of the Taisei Hokan. Submitted to, and the next day it was accepted.

The Tokugawa family finally fights with the great command of the restoration of the royal government ...

Sat-Chō, who was defeated by the Taisei Hokan, causes a coup d'etat in the imperial court that the Tokugawa family should not participate in Japan's new political system.

He expelled all the breathtaking officials of the shogunate from within the imperial court, eliminated the plow for Yoshinobu to enter the imperial court, and created a new political system with only the debate faction.

This is the Restoration of the Royal Order is.

December 9, 1867 Takamori Saigo, Toshimichi Okubo, Tomomi Iwakura of the Kuge of the Satsuma Domain The three people played a central role in conducting an armed coup d'etat, expelling unnecessary officials, and creating the new Meiji government with the emperor at the top of national affairs. The moment when the relationship with the Tokugawa family, which neither the shogunate nor the shogun admits, is completely cut off was.

From the perspective of the Shogunate, he is a terrorist who held the Emperor as a hostage, but since public opinion was completely moving away from the Shogunate era, this coup was welcomed.

From the perspective of the shogunate, the expression that terrorists against the current government took the emperor as a hostage and stood in the imperial court would apply. However, what was not just terrorism was that the flow of the world was clearly moving away from the time of the Shogunate.

To armed conflict ... The beginning of the Boshin War

Yoshinobu, who had an idea after the establishment of the new government, lost the momentum as before and was sick.

The first order the new government ordered Yoshinobu Tokugawa was to sum up all the 4 million stones under the direct control of Tokugawa and the official position of Yoshinobu at the resignation site. For this, the members of the new government of the pro-curtain group will be lenient because they say that they are overdoing anything, and they will be appointed to the new government's decision.

However, the samurai who served the old shogunate became angry at the peak, and Yoshinobu went to Osaka to avoid troubles in Kyoto while the riots were about to occur.

On the other hand, the new government with Saigo Takamori decided to use force for fear of Yoshinobu's political and diplomatic power. I thought that the only way to open up a new era was to thoroughly strike the old shogunate.

Saigo used Satsuma's comrades in Edo to instruct him to ruin the city.

The shogunate side, who was furious at this, broke into the Edo Satsuma clan's residence and burned it. As a result, the established facts of the war were created, and Yoshinobu could not suppress the samurai, and the old Shogunate army and the new government army clashed on the Toba Kaido in the suburbs of Kyoto [ Battle of Toba-Fushimi 】It began.

The Shogunate army was superior in terms of the number of troops, but the Shogunate army suffered a defeat without any means to do before the modern weapons of the new government army. In addition, the new government army [ nishiki no mihata ] Is raised and appeals that they are a group of pavilions. [ We have become a bandit ] The Shogunate army, which lost its fighting spirit, started to turn over to the new government army ...