It was the era of customs politics of Fujiwara no Michinaga and Yorimichi, who was proud of Mr. Fujiwara's prosperity. strong> Is the coronation.
Emperor Gosanjo Has taken control of politics and has begun to reform national affairs by actively appointing highly scholarly human resources such as Oe no Masafusa.
Nobuhisa's villa reorganization order
First Emperor Gosanjo 1069 as "the increase in villas is squeezing the territory" Nobuhisa's villa reorganization order Is issued.
The manor reorganization order is 902 Emperor Daigo Was the first to go, then 1045 However, the implementation was incomplete because the implementation was entrusted to the Kokushi.
That is Emperor Gosanjo's Enkyu's villa arrangement Clear territory controlled by aristocrats, temples and shrines, and Kokushi It became.
There were still many public territories under the control of the Kokushi, but there were villas controlled by aristocrats and temples. Will increase. Therefore, for the aristocrats and lords who have the power of each region, group / town / protection Organize new units of Gunji / Goji / Hoji I appointed him to undertake tax collection.
Also, at Kokuei, Tadokoro / Tax Office Kokushi Is resident as a deputy officer and is now working as a secretary of the agency.
Birth and mechanism of the shōen-koku system
The ministers of the agency managed the public territory as if they were their own common territory and donated to the lords of the manor. The formation of the constructed country has become a system consisting of a manor and a public territory where villas, counties, and townships stand side by side.
This is Shoen-koku system I call it.
Most of the cultivated land of the maintained public territories and mansions is [ name ], And was assigned to a leading farmer. Leading farmers gradually strengthen their rights master Will be called.
Master Has cultivated the cultivated land by slave farmers, and has become the center of the farmers with annual tribute, public affairs, and the role of husband as the lord.
The beginning of cloister rule
Emperor Shirakawa Is Emperor Gosanjo I learned from the school and conducted parental affairs.
1086 In addition, the childhood Emperor Horikawa When you give up to, you are emeritus Next to [ In-no-cho ] And take control of politics while guarding the emperor [ Cloister rule 】The we.
The emeritus took in the Kokushi who welcomed the reorganization of the villa, organized a samurai on the north side of the temple, and strengthened the power of the temple by making the samurai of Genpei an aide. After the death of Emperor Horikawa, he will create a full-fledged cloister rule.
The cloister rule originally started with the idea of "making one's descendants the emperor," but the emeritus began to take control of politics regardless of laws and customs, and Shirakawa and Toba.・ Emperor Emeritus Shirakawa It lasted for more than 100 years.
Therefore, when the cloister rule begins and the emeritus takes charge of politics, the power of the regents declines. However, the regents tried to revive by connecting with the institute.
In the cloister rule, it is a sentence issued by the in-no-cho [ in-no-cho ] And convey the orders of the Emperor [ Inzen ] Has come to have effect on national affairs.
In particular, the three emperors mentioned earlier went out of their homes because they had a strong belief in Buddhism and became [Cloistered Emperors], building large temples such as Rokusho-ji and making Buddhist statues.
In addition, political turmoil has been added to the fact that they were selling officials to raise the cost of building a detached palace in Shirakawa and Toba on the outskirts of Kyoto.
Economic base during the cloister rule
Around the emeritus, people called in-no-kinshin, who are staff members of the in-no-cho, gathered and were appointed as the priests of a profitable country under the authority of the emeritus. Around this time, the system of the state of knowledge and the system of the division of the institute, where the institute itself holds the profits of the country, became widespread, and the public territory became a territory like the private territory of the institute and the Kokushi.
In addition, a large number of donation land-based villas * However, influential aristocrats and large temples often donated villas to the palace, and villas with the right of non-transportation and non-entry became common, and the independence of the villa became stronger.
* Donated manor is a manor that was created after the latter half of the 11th century when influential farmers donated territories to the central aristocrats and the center. ..
The large temple also has many mansions and monks the monks. I was trying to pass the request by competing with the Kokushi or setting up a portable shrine or portable shrine to appeal to the imperial court. Aristocrats who were afraid of the power of the great temple used samurai to guard and suppress them, which resulted in the advance of the samurai into the central political world.
In rural areas, samurai have built pavilions to strengthen ties between the clan and the region, and Mr. Fujiwara Oshu in Mutsu and others are Kiyohira, Kiyohira, Hidehira . For 100 years in his 3rd generation, he cultivated his own culture and was proud of his prosperity.
In this way, during the cloister rule, not only private land ownership but also the institute, large temples, and samurai formed their own power, and the power was widely divided.
In this way, in the medieval society, the tendency to move the society by its own power will spread.