They cheered you up, encouraged you to fight, taught patriotism - Polish writers in the service of independence. The banner of the fight for a free Poland was carried by, among others Maria Dąbrowska and Stefan Żeromski. And they often did not mince words ... OCTOBER 1918. WARSAW. Maria Dąbrowsk
Malnourished and weakened they jumped with a penalty frog, played volleyball and ran for the hundred. Sports struggles were to give them, at least a substitute for normality. Who? Prisoners of POW camps who, in 1940 and 1944, organized their - as they proudly called them - games behind barbed wire.
The life of premature babies born before the 20th century was most often determined by fate - usually not very kind. A mysterious man and his hatchery for children came to the rescue of the little ones. Doctors have long known that one of the main problems faced by immature bodies of premature b
Even though Queen Victoria had nine sons and daughters, she didnt really like children. She was afraid of having children, and reacted with irritation to each subsequent pregnancy. The babies that annoyed her the most, she compared to… toads. Before her wedding with Prince Albert, the almost 21-
Horror? Understatement! Broken skull bones, hemorrhages, sepsis, and even death - that was how often visits to medieval dentists ended. It is not surprising that the people of that time avoided tooth specialists with a wide berth ... The deafening sound of the trumpet calls for the chatter to ga
In the history of the greatest country in the world (as the US citizens themselves call it) there are plenty of dark pages. Trafficking in human beings and slavery practiced since the time of Columbus, bloody crimes and acts of cannibalism - this is probably what Americans would prefer to forget ...
Dark everywhere, deaf everywhere ... what will it be? What will it be? ... ”- the famous quote from Mickiewiczs Dziady has become a permanent part of our cultural consciousness. But what do we know about the pre-Christian ritual, the essence of which was the meeting of the living with the dead?
In the Soviet Union, many infectious diseases were eradicated in the 1930s. Nevertheless, from time to time the country had to deal with epidemics imported, brought from Asia or Africa by Soviet citizens. The methods of fighting dangerous microbes used by the then authorities were truly draconian ..
Hundreds of human tragedies are hidden behind the spectacular reconstruction of Istanbul, which is being carried out by the Turkish authorities. The game is not about highways and the largest airport in the world, but for the hearts and minds of the citizens. And the city suffers from it. The fight
People have always hurt teeth and people have always tried to fight this pain. The only question is whether the method used will work, or will it only increase the suffering, and even ... kill the patient? Shakespeare very aptly wrote:There has not yet been a philosopher who could calmly endure
The Wawel manor was rather traditional. Of course, Polish kings had lovers and did all sorts of indecency, but it all didnt matter when he entered the scene - in pantyhose, with full make-up and an earring in his ear. To make matters worse, the man who was to rule the Commonwealth from now on, was s
In European ruling families, men were allowed to cheat. Their wives were to put up with this silently and invent their own ways of dealing with marital infidelity. Europes greatest playboy was King Edward VII of England (1841-1910), the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Although hi
The complex of palatial mansions in Versailles, the ancient seat of French rulers, is associated with us today in a rather unambiguous way. Glamor, beauty and wealth - a symbol of power and power. However, not all that glitters is gold. Because the historical truth about aristocratic life is quite…
For the rulers of Europe this first time played a huge role and often turned out to be a determinant of whether the marriage would be happy and lasting. Since the marriage of the rulers was not their private affair, its consummation was an event of state importance. Until the 18th century, in s
When it comes to doctors of the old days, it seems that they were only limited by their imaginations in inventing newer and newer methods of torturing patients. Some ideas used - especially in the Middle Ages - seem so disgusting and pointless that it is hard to believe that anyone would mistake the
Impurity can be a lot of trouble. Literally. And although no harmful microbes were known in antiquity, our ancestors realized that something was up. Therefore, they took care of hygiene as much as they could, although some solutions from todays point of view seem very extreme ... The question of
Numerous privileges, belonging to the German social cream and a general reason to carry your nose a little higher than the others. The SS wives knew very well why it was worth going through the lengthy pre-wedding verification process. Women in the Third Reich did not live a rich and liberated li
The birth of a crippled child in ancient Greece and Rome was considered a divine curse and a harbinger of catastrophe. That is why the crippled kids were simply disposed of. Even an extra toe was a pretext for infanticide! Over time, however, the approach to the disabled began to change - although n
Ancient Egypt attracts us with its mystery and wealth. From the very beginning, its inhabitants paid great attention not to dissolve into thin air after death. This is why, throughout this ancient civilization, they have perfected ways of keeping the body in the best possible state after death. Mumm
There have been more queens than kings in our history. And this is not why, during the monarchy, Poland was somehow an eminently feminist country. Its just that the ladies - much more often than their husbands - had to say goodbye to this world prematurely. What were the causes of their deaths? T
The Jesuits were not idle. They contributed to the development of the Catholic Church through evangelistic and missionary work. In addition, they carried the torch (or muzzle) of education and unscrupulously fought the Reformation. Overall, they served the cause as much as they could. What their sur
In 1560, a woman was born, hailed by posterity as a bloody monster and suspected of vampirism. Her character has become an inspiration for writers, film screenwriters, musicians, and even computer game developers. Who are we talking about? About the niece of our honorable king, Elizabeth Bathory.
“Extraction of mental illness” by Hieronymus Bosch (1492). Prado Museum, Madrid In past centuries, very little knowledge about mental illness , caused the pathologies related to this sphere of the organism to be treated, obviously in a clumsy way and almost always with worse results than the dis
A few days ago Maciej Gablankowski wrote about Kiszczaks team. The article sparked an avalanche of comments. Many of them concerned the further fate of the perky secret police officers. Has justice been done? Please judge for yourself. The reward for loyal service to the communist system was oft