Alfons Koziełł-Poklewski (1809–1890) is one of the richest and most important entrepreneurs in Siberia. He was the owner of, among others metallurgical plants, department stores; He was also involved in mining gold and silver. But the Pole gained the greatest fame as the largest producer of spirits
Coronavirus, COVID-19, MERC, SARS are the most frequently appearing words recently in the context of the second wave of the pandemic. At such moments, it is worth learning from the past and following the causes of the most deadly epidemics in history. The virus attacked in two waves. The first b
Poveglia, an inconspicuous island located near Venice, has extremely spooky stories. Because centuries ago, victims of the plague - the Black Death, which decimated the population of Europe in waves, were buried there. Later, a psychiatric hospital was built on the site of the mass grave, where crim
Twenty courses (including gold-battered peas and venison stuffed with live birds), a sea of wine, and the whole seasoned with a sauce of fermented fish guts. It is not surprising that the Romans had to go to the site from time to time during their famous feasts. But was it really so? “In the d
They have plagued humanity from the earliest times. They influenced the fate of wars, led to changes in the balance of political forces, and decimated societies. They affected everyone - the poor and the rich, and were equally cruel to everyone. Meet the epidemics of the ancient world. For the f
The main task of the ruling family members was to beget descendants. But where the babies come from, there was no talk. Lack of knowledge often led to undesirable and even tragic consequences ... Young men had more freedom when it comes to sexual initiation. Before getting married, they could ha
Of the many dreadful diseases that plague mankind, leprosy is one of those formerly most feared. Why? The cause of leprosy are bacteria - Mycobacterium leprae, which settle safely inside the hosts cells. They cannot survive outside of them, nor do they secrete spores or have the ability to move.
The son of Mieszko I and the first king of Poland, he was undoubtedly an outstanding ruler, a great conqueror, a great tactician and strategist, and a skillful politician. During his time, the young Piast state dealt cards in our part of the world. Chrobry was also a zealous promoter of the new fait
Adolf Hitler did not eat meat and after conquering all of Europe he wanted to ban it in all occupied countries - this is a popular myth that is cited on various occasions, for example to discredit the idea of vegetarianism. Historical evidence, however, is indisputable. There is no doubt that Adol
The opening of the border between Poland and the GDR in the seventies was to be proof of the strengthening of fraternal relations. For Poles, it was an opportunity to travel freely without the need for a passport. All that was needed for the trip was an ID card and gold marks were exchanged in the b
After losing the crown, Stanisław August Poniatowski moved to Russia. He led a high-quality life there. He was treated with the respect due to the ruling monarch. However, nothing could soothe the broken heart of a Pole ... After the fall of the Kościuszko Uprising, it became clear that the days
And they lived happily ever after? Not at all! Many historians emphasize that in the case of the relationship between Jadwiga Andegaweńska and Władysław Jagiełło, there was no question of any happiness or even an ordinary agreement. Is that why the spouses sat at the table separately? The thesis t
For thousands of years, mankind has developed, refined and applied forms of punishment and physical violence. Flogging was the most popular and long-lasting way of inflicting suffering, but it is the loss of testicles or gouging out the eyes that chills the blood in the veins the most. The situa
Jadwiga liked to eat well - white bread was baked especially for her and salmon were brought to Krakow from abroad. The queen was also a drinker - unlike her husband, who not only ate little and did not pay much attention to the contents of his plate, but also preferred milk to alcohol. But when he
Lola comes from Bedzin. Before the war, the city was full of Jews. Only a suitcase full of photos remained in Auschwitz. Lola was transported from the ghetto to the camp on August 1, 1943. She was given the number 51509. Already on the day of her arrival to Auschwitz, 1,582 people were gassed from a
In the Middle Ages, sleeping naked with a stranger in the same bed was something completely natural. The modern era has brought more prudery to life, for what would the Victorian era be without the numerous brothels? Sleeping naked with a stranger in the same bed in a hotel room now appears to u
In the dining room she was second to none:she ate 8 dishes for breakfast, and attacked the contents of the plates with such an appetite that the courtiers could not keep up with her. She herself admitted that if she could, she would not get up from the table. Effect? When she was 150 cm tall, she we
The art of tattooing has a long history in Japan; Throughout history, a tattoo has been an ornament, a tool of punishment, an element of a ritual, and a symbol of belonging to strongly integrated social groups. However, it has never been and will never be the exclusive domain of the yakuza, even tho
Although Elżbieta Rakuszanka was not very beautiful and did not have much to say in political matters, historians consider her one of the most fulfilled (and happy) Polish rulers. Well, she finally did her marriage duty - and more than that. She gave birth to 13 children to Jagiellonian, including f
Nicholas II and his wife Alexander Fedorovna got married for love, their family life was extremely happy. Paradoxically, it was their feelings that led to the collapse of the Romanov empire. 16-year-old Mikołaj called Niki and 12-year-old Aleksandra, née Princess Alix Heska, met in St. Petersbur
The beginning of the success of tomatoes at the table it is due to the chef from the Marches but transplanted to Naples Antonio Latini, lived in the 1600s. If it is true that the tomato, declined in a myriad of recipes and variations, is one of the typical foods of our gastronomy, it is equall
Holy Queen Jadwiga was not afraid to admit that Poles can expect mainly wickedness from the side of the church hierarchy. She said that the activities of the Church seemed absurd. And the cynicism and greed of priests she rebuked the Pope himself. Jadwiga Andegaweńska was not a figurine, nor a q
For thousands of years, mankind has developed, refined and applied forms of punishment and physical violence. Flogging was the most popular and long-lasting way of inflicting suffering, but it is the loss of testicles or gouging out the eyes that chills the blood in the veins the most. The situa
Deleting non-existent victims from historical works will not be able to erase from our memory the ordeal of exiles. However, history must be written honestly. Even when the documents contradict Polish tradition and statements repeated from generation to generation. If youre a bloody dictator sniff