The pre-war newspapers adored the crusades. Some fought against usury, others launched guns against prostitution, others opposed nonchalant officials. The Warsaw Grom - a small, almost district magazine - did not have such ambitions. He has only declared war on one trickster. But what kind! Józ
As part of the Waffen-SS, several dozen smaller and larger allied troops were created, consisting of representatives of almost all European nations. The establishment of the Ukrainian division Galizien has always been the most controversial. Were the Germans so desperate to recruit the Slavs they ha
In articles and books about the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp, one can read that the Germans established it in mid-1940. This is true, but only half of it. It is rarely mentioned that the camp was in fact built almost a quarter of a century earlier! The last years of the nineteenth century and the fi
The first post-war thaw in the USSR is inherently associated with Nikita Khrushchev and his famous lecture. In fact, the clumsy Khrushchev was just aping the ideas of one of his former party colleagues. De-Stalinization, breaking with the cult of personality and breaking the purges - all these chang
The past era was full of many great interests between the so-called Peoples Poland and the Soviet Union. It is hard to find a more emphatic example than the replacement of the border areas made in 1951. It was unbelievable how much we lost by giving back the coal-rich Bugs knee in exchange for a pie
It was Wojciech Jaruzelski who demanded the introduction of the Soviet Army to Poland to fight Solidarity, and the Soviet Union ruled out any intervention and insisted on the declaration of martial law. One of the most famous Russian historians, Rudolf G. Pichoja, explains what it really was like wi
At the end of the 1940s, Poland was slowly recovering from the devastation of the war. The communist authorities have just announced a six-year plan, the aim of which was to decisively accelerate the industrialization of the country. Its implementation, however, was associated with enormous costs, s
Historians have been competing for two centuries in explaining Napoleons final defeat. Some claim that the emperor was sick, others that he overslept or was simply tired. Against this background, the view of the famous British researcher, Andrew Roberts, stands out. In his opinion, Napoleon failed b
We all know very well how efficiently the construction of highways in contemporary Poland is going. But how about the fact that basically nothing has changed in ... two hundred years? Work on the first railway in the Russian partition (and the railroads are, in a sense, the nineteenth-century equiva
The authorities of the Third Reich, various German diarists, and eventually all neo-Nazi historians praised the extraordinary courage and tenacity of the Wehrmacht soldiers. Indeed, until the very end of the war, the Germans fought fiercely, and even desertions occurred less frequently in their rank
Lustration processes are undoubtedly the domain of modern times. It turns out, however, that also in the interwar period, Polish courts had to adjudicate in cases of a similar nature ... Formally, in interwar Poland there was no such thing as lustration. The newly established Second Republic of
Youve probably heard about General Andrei Vlasovs Russian Liberation Army collaborating with Germany. But did you know that in the occupied territories of the USSR a whole state was created, led by ... the Russian Nazi party? Łokoć is a small town, which before the Third Reichs attack on the US
At the dawn of time, all people spoke German. People who do not speak this language should be treated with the utmost contempt and hostility. Germany, on the other hand, is a nation surpassing all others. Am I quoting some Nazi propaganda? No way. Such views were preached 500 years ago by ... German
In recent years, a lot has been said about the allegedly deliberate mistreatment of Red Army soldiers who were captured in Poland in the years 1919-1920. The Russians even claim that the Poles committed genocide against them. However, they themselves “forget” about the fate of Polish prisoners of wa
History is written by the winners. That is why we know almost everything about how the Europeans perceived the natives they encountered in North America. It is harder to say something about the views of the Indians about uninvited visitors. Fortunately, several sources have survived. They show that
In the age of stem cells and the development of artificial hearts, it is easy to forget that for decades doctors tried to implant organs from animals into humans. Neither of these experiments has been successful. The loudest and most controversial one came in October 1984. Stephanie Fae Beauclai
The Korean War (1950-1953) went down in history as a long and bloody conflict that ended in an uncertain compromise. In October 1950, however, nothing indicated such a development. After several difficult months, the Americans took over all of South Korea and 90% of North Korea. And they would proba
The death of Napoleon arouses unflagging controversy. Many still believe the rumor that the British contributed to the premature death of the French Emperor by systematically poisoning him with arsenic. Maybe it was so, but at the same time it was the Englishman, the famous Duke of Wellington who sa
In the history of the crusades, a strict image of the two conquests of Jerusalem has become established. The Crusaders ruthlessly bathed the city in blood when they captured it in 1099. In 1187, Saladin, on the other hand, was to be completely civilized and to guarantee the population a safe exit fr
During the war, nearly one million American soldiers were treated for psychiatric disorders. Every fourth member of line departments was considered mentally ill. The Germans, in turn, treated their neurotics ... with electroshock. Contrary to appearances, it was not the losses in the form of th
Kurds are an indigenous group, known for being inhabitants of Kurdistan (a province in West Asia). Compared to current geography, Kurdistan stretches from northwestern Iran, northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey, to northern Syria. In modern times, Kurdish people have social enclaves in a few othe
Harry Harlow spent years studying the effects of touch on the development of mammals. He proved that his absence has tragic consequences. However, the course of the experiments is chilling. Harry Harlows experiment turned out to be groundbreaking. The researcher spent years proving that the lack o
I decided to interview Prof. Guido Formigoni who teaches Contemporary History at the IULM University of Milan, author of several books:Christian Democracy and the Western Alliance (1996), History of international politics in the contemporary age (new ed. 2006), Italy of Catholics (2010) and Aldo Mor
The faces of Leonardo and the Mona Lisa, one of his most famous works by him. The artist and scientist apparently had a taste for jokes and salacious jokes Can you imagine that unsurpassed genius of Leonardo da Vinci tell jokes, moreover, rather dirty ? Well, it seems that the great Renais