A saying that was fashionable in a bygone era was that it is not a high school diploma but a sincere willingness that will make you an officer. Meanwhile, in the Second Republic of Poland, obtaining an officers patent required not only a maturity certificate, but also a considerable financial effort
It was enough for the Second World War to end, and the Western allies forgot overnight about Polish allies and our contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany. As always in such cases, the cold political calculation won. It was on its basis that the leaders of Great Britain and the United States d
Bierut at mass, Gomułka at Easter breakfast, free market economy and a close alliance with ... Great Britain. Its not political fiction! This is exactly the vision of reality created by the Polish authorities immediately after the war. When the Polish communists took over the reins in 1944, the
The specialist in the history of fascist Italy, Pierre Milza, suggested that none other than British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the murder of the Italian Duce, Benito Mussolini. At the time of the death of the fascist leader, Churchill was just a few kilometers away, spending a short v
A wooden pole used to painfully suspend suspects. The truncheon with which the prisoners were beaten on the soles of their feet. Cables used for electroconvulsive torture. These and other exhibits from 30 years ago are intended to convince Turks to vote for more democratization of the political syst
Normandy? Iwo Jima? Forget it! The Soviets achieved real mastery in amphibious operations a few years earlier:already during the Winter War with Finland in 1939. The land operations in the war since November 30, 1939, are relatively well known. They can be summarized in a few words:total disgra
Is it possible for one little book to cause such a scandal? About a beautiful game, a spicy diary and a Polish prince. And the whole story was described by Gabriela Pauszer-Klonowska in the newly reissued biography of Izabela Czartoryska. Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duke de Lauzun, Duke de Biron, o
The world closely watched the fall of the Second Polish Republic and the unexpected German-Soviet alliance. While Western politicians and societies tried to grasp the situation, Europe lacked a unified Polish voice. It was not until October 12, 1939 that the government of W. Sikorski issued the Inst
Every high school student knows about the attempts to kill Hitler - in the Munich beer hall and in the Wolfs Lair. But what about Stalin? At least a few attacks were also organized on the life of this dictator. Very specific attacks. The story of one of them was told by a certain Wasilewski, be
It doesnt take a political correctness course to know that its not appropriate to call people of different skin color niggers. Many Westerners also avoid talking about blacks or Negroes. Yesterday, when translating a certain book, I instinctively replaced Africa with Black Continent. But if sometime
In the years 1912-1914, the Russians followed the fate of the polar expeditions led by their countrymen with bated breath. One of the expeditions led by G.J. At the end of 1913, Siedowa disappeared somewhere near the Franz Josef Land. But lets start at the beginning. Georgy J. Sedov announced th
For some he was just a Jewish schemer. For others, an academic lecturer with suspicious socialist connections. Many knew him as an influential Constantinople arms exporter. Still others thought he was just a fat capitalist ... or a German agent. Perhaps the most important for history was his role as
Every child knows that Jan Długosz wrote about the great battle fought on July 15, 1410 between the villages of Grunwald and Tannenberg. It might therefore seem that the theme of this historical clash has become a permanent element in the memory of Poles. Nothing could be more wrong. Not so long ago
Italians have Laura and Petrarch, the French have Abelard and Heloiza, and the English have Romeo and Juliet. Poles are not geese and decided to publicize the story of their own pair of great lovers. I dont think it really worked out, counting that Stanisław and Anna Oświęcim were half-siblings, and
The subject of the Nazi nuclear program is relatively well known. It is known that the Germans worked on nuclear weapons and, perhaps, even conducted tests of simple charges. But what did the leader of the Third Reich think about the new technology when it was still just a hypothetical idea? Apparen
In 1560, a woman was born, hailed by posterity as a bloody monster and suspected of vampirism. Her character has become an inspiration for writers, film screenwriters, musicians, and even computer game developers. Who are we talking about? About the niece of our honorable king, Elizabeth Bathory.
In its own way, the Polish-Bolshevik war was the last romantic conflict in Polish history. Never again have cavalrymen had the opportunity to cross the Ukrainian steppes with a saber in their hand, or ... sing about the theft of hens, drunkenness or raping widows. Needless to say, the Polish ca
Polish fighter and bomber squadrons, which fought in the British skies in World War II, went down in the history of our country with golden letters. However, not everyone remembered Polish pilots as heroes. According to Audrey John-Brown, a squadron in the vicinity of WAAF (Womens Auxiliary Aviation
Soldier! You have been directed to the Ardennes mountain massif. Regenerate your strength and look forward to the spring strike deep into the Reich. But what is that !? Germany is attacking on a large scale! Relax. Read the guide below and you will survive the toughest period of the campaign in West
Soldiers, the Tiger is currently the most powerful and formidable German tank. As soon as it appears at the front, it causes a real panic among our soldiers. To tell you the truth, it doesnt happen that often, but if youre unlucky you must know how to approach this bastard. Our units first encou
Władysław had something to celebrate. After streaks of diplomatic failures, finally came the long-awaited success in the Avignon curia. The Pope punished the boot of the commander Lautenburg burning the bishops villages during the retreat from Brest and issued a bull strongly condemning the Order.
Dialect Dine has been the language of many wars. It is not spoken of loudly, but the US military owes its many successes to its originality. Today there is a struggle to be or not to be of this language. It took on a truly galactic dimension. Darth Vader is ... a PE player in it. American journa
They lived by the Vistula and the Oder at the beginning of our era. They were mentioned by Roman writers from the 1st and 2nd centuries - Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Ptolemy Claudius. They wrote that a large number of people lived on the Vistula River, called the Wenedowie. What was the origin of this
The production of vodka on the Vistula River has a long and rich history, but can we take the lead in this field? Or maybe someone else warned us? It is difficult to give the exact date of the appearance of vodka in Poland. However, as Tomasz Lachowski writes in the publication entitled J.A. BAC