Financial Crisis: France was experiencing a severe financial crisis due to excessive spending, high debts, and an inefficient tax system. The government faced a critical shortage of funds and was on the brink of bankruptcy.
Pressure from the People: The French people were increasingly frustrated and restless due to the economic crisis and the perceived injustices of the absolute monarchy. There were widespread demands for political reform and a greater say in government.
Revolutionary Ideas: The Enlightenment ideas of liberty, equality, and democracy had taken root in France and were widely discussed among intellectuals, philosophers, and the educated classes. These ideas challenged the traditional absolutist rule of the monarchy.
American Revolution: The successful American Revolution in 1783 against British rule inspired many French people to question their own political system and seek democratic reforms.
Crop Failure and Bread Shortages: In the years leading up to the Estates General, France experienced several poor harvests and crop failures, resulting in widespread food shortages and high bread prices. This caused immense hardship, especially among the lower classes, and further fueled social unrest.
Political Pressure: Influential members of the French nobility and clergy, who held privileges and exemptions from certain taxes, were pushing for fiscal and political reforms that would ease the financial burden on their own estates.
By calling the Estates General, King Louis XVI intended to address these challenges, seek advice on financial matters, and make concessions to appease the growing discontent among the different social groups.