The domestic system was widespread in Europe during the 16th to 18th centuries, but it was eventually supplanted by the factory system, in which workers were concentrated in factories under the direct supervision of employers.
Here are some key features of the domestic system:
1. Decentralized Production: Production under the domestic system was decentralized, with work carried out in individual households rather than in centralized factories. Workers lived in their own homes and worked as independent contractors, often with the assistance of family members.
2. Merchant-Capitalists: Merchants and manufacturers played a crucial role in the domestic system. They provided the raw materials, organized the work process, and managed the distribution and sale of finished products. Merchants held control over production, setting standards and prices for the work.
3. Flexible Labor: The domestic system allowed for flexible production, as merchants could adjust the workforce based on demand. Workers could supplement their income by taking on additional work when available or focusing on other activities during slack periods.
4. Rural Setting: The domestic system thrived in rural areas where there was a large supply of labor, especially women and children. Rural workers often combined domestic work with agricultural activities, providing additional income for their families.
5. Poor Working Conditions: Workers under the domestic system typically faced poor working conditions, long hours, and low pay. They often worked in cramped and unhygienic environments, leading to health issues and exploitation.