Sangkhalok Furnace Education and Conservation Center

Terrain

General Condition

Sangkhalok Kilns Study and Conservation Centers No. 42 and No. 61 are outside Si Satchanalai to the north. Located at Ban Ko Noi 5 kilometers from the city of Si Satchanalai, evidence was found along the banks of the Yom River. The general distribution of about 1.5 kilometers, as far as the survey, there are about 200 furnaces together in groups. at the Education Center building Conserving the Sangkhalok Furnace Exhibit a Sangkhalok kiln that also includes large jars, bowls and chinaware obtained from other places. Archaeologists and the Fine Arts Department excavated and put the components together. It is displayed for tourists, students and those interested in history to visit. Important kilns include kiln group No. 42, where 19 Sangkhalok kilns are stacked on top of each other, both glazed and unglazed pottery containers. Ban Koh Noi Sangkhalok kilns, produced Sangkhalok, are sold to Japan, Indonesia, Philippines. Stove group No. 61 has 4 underground kilns. Most of the containers found are large jars for water and dry matter.

Location of the Sangkhalok Furnace Education and Conservation Center The display of Sangkhalok furnace number 61 is located on the banks of the Yom River, about 100 meters from the river, with the following territory:

Located in the north, located near the ancient canal called Khlong Bon, which is currently in a shallow state.

East, next to the road between Si Satchanalai Ancient City - Ban Pa Yang - Ban Ko Noi and people's houses

In the south, adjacent to the shortcut road leading to Highway No. 1201 at the 8th kilometer area.

The west is adjacent to the Prachan House, which is behind the Education and Conservation Center building.

Next to the Sangkhalok Stove Education and Conservation Center Building No. 61 for about 1 kilometer is the location of the Sangkhalok Kiln Education and Conservation Center Building No. 42.

On the north, next to Highway No. 1201

Adjacent to the east, adjacent to the people's agricultural areas.

South, adjacent to the floor of Ban Koh Noi Sangkhalok Kilns.

In the west, adjacent to the road between the ancient city of Si Satchanalai - Ban Pa Yang - Ban Ko Noi

Height above mean sea level

Waterway

Yom River

Geological conditions

Geological characteristics of the area of ​​Si Satchanalai National Park Geological characteristics are Shale, Olive color or Gray to Dark Gray color, found in large tracts from the area. the uppermost part goes down to the lowest part and from the east to the western park boundaries, covering the entire mountain range of the park Extensively more than 80 percent of the park's area. And found that the appearance of limestone (Limestone), pale color, fine texture, inserted in the middle of the Huai Mae San watershed in 2 places.

agronomical characteristics The agronomic characteristics It is almost all residual soil. Because most of the area is a mountainous area with steep slopes. Therefore, this soil unit is classified as a slope complex. The resulting soil is a stationary soil with relatively good soil development. These soils have mixed forests. cover in general The humidity is quite high.

Archaeological Era

era/culture

Archaeological age

Types of archaeological sites

archaeological essence

Ban Ko Noi is the location of the Sangkhalok furnace that was once a huge industry and has been made continuously for a long time. From the survey, there were about 500 stoves and found that there were large groups of stoves. It is located along the Yom River. There are many different styles of Ban Koh Noi stoves depending on the usage and the temperature of the furnace. Characteristics of Ban Koh Noi Sangkhalok stoves can be found in 2 types, divided according to the hot air passageway, namely

1. Horizontal hot air passage type furnace A furnace is a longitudinal form that is parallel to the ground. or slope along the ground The roof is curved all the way to the chimney. It is a stove that uses firewood as fuel. Can be burned at temperatures up to 1200 C (Sermsak Nak Bua 1973 :22) This type of kiln can be divided into 3 parts:

The front part is part of the combustion chamber. It is the lowest part of the furnace. It is a chamber for containing fuel during combustion. The front of the combustion chamber puts a fire in a curved channel. Most often drilled into a horseshoe arch. It is a channel for conveying containers to the furnace.

The second part is the container room. It is the room where the containers to be burned are placed. It is the widest and longest room. This container chamber is often elevated from the combustion chamber. Between the combustion chamber and the container room there is a fire barrier. to prevent the fuel from coming into contact with the container.

The last part is the tallest part of the furnace. is the chimney or chimney part The flue helps to control the passage of hot air to cool the entire furnace. The chimney is therefore an important part of the furnace that affects the temperature that occurs. If the chimney is large, it can absorb heat better. Chimneys are usually round in shape, the size of the chimney is related to the size of the furnace.

Horizontally cooled furnaces have a slope from the combustion chamber up to the chimney, heat flows from the combustion chamber into the container and discharges to the chimney tower horizontally. The sloped area will improve the heat flow. This type of cooling furnace is commonly used to burn utensils in Ban Koh Noi furnace sources.

2. Furnace with hot air passage in an upward direction. This type of furnace usually has a round shape. or sometimes square It is a wood-fired stove with a simple construction design. It was the first furnace found to be commonly used in various parts of the world. This type of furnace can be burned at a low temperature, but it can be fired at low temperatures. Can be burned at a temperature not exceeding 900 degrees Celsius (Sihawat Dense 1983 :40)

The heating furnace passes in an upward direction, divided into 2 parts:the container room and the combustion chamber. Between the two chambers there is a kiln. The kiln is very important for this type of kiln. because it is the plate that separates the combustion chamber and the container By placing the container you want to burn on the basket plate. An upward cooled furnace is a furnace without a chimney to aid in cooling. which the grate will replace the chimney as an average of heat to distribute evenly throughout the stove This type of stove has no flue for cooling and there is no roof of the furnace during the burning, so scrap containers are piled onto the part of the furnace to cover the container completely to retain heat better.

There are several ways to build a horizontal pass-through furnace. Construction materials and construction methods are different, namely

1. An underground furnace is a furnace created by excavating from the bank of a river. foothills or mounds The construction of this type of stove can be divided into 2 types:

1.1 Mining kiln or tunnel kiln It is an earthen kiln. The suitable location is the foothills or the river bank, or it may be a mound of clay that has been made and dug into a kiln. The style of the stove often resembles a hood or a hump. Digging the stove, the highest part is the chimney. and then tilted towards the firebox Then use the surrounding soil as the furnace wall. Before using the kiln, the kiln must be fired in the kiln first to dislodge moisture and solidify the furnace wall, making the furnace structure strong. The construction of this type of furnace often had problems with high humidity and required a large amount of fuel. Or when flooding the stove may be damaged. Furnaces can be used to sinter glaze due to their high sintering temperature. There are more than 10 kilns found in the Ban Koh Noi Sangkhalok kiln site, with an average length of 3-5 meters and a width of 2-3 meters. Found a horizontal through-cooling furnace. It is a brick kiln which is built over 6 kilns and deep from the kiln, the 6th kiln and 1 m deep have been found. A kiln or what the villagers call a Mon kiln (kiln number 110) is found. This kiln is an earthen kiln. dug in from the river bank The walls of the furnace are painted with clay. Can be used to burn glazed vessels with the glaze on the stove wall.

1.2 Underground furnace with clay walls It is a furnace that is dug into a mound and uses clay to paint the surrounding walls. The use of clay to paint the walls of the excavation furnace makes the furnace structure stronger. and can expand the size of the furnace larger than the conventional furnace For underground kilns, the noticeable and intact clay wall is kiln number 61, a furnace dug into the ground of the sandy soil layer on the bank of the canal, approximately 120 meters from the Yom River. That is shaped like the hood of a ship in the form of a horizontal heating furnace. The size of the furnace is about 8 meters long, about 4 meters wide, inside the furnace number 61, around 10 centimeters thick clay mask, except for the floor and the chimney only. The furnace has only one room as a container room. The combustion chamber has not yet been built. Separate fuel area which may be that This furnace is used to burn large vessels such as jars. The presence of a fire barrier makes it inconvenient to place the containers, or this furnace may be the first type of stove where the construction technique has not yet been developed (Sihawat Naen 1984 :31- 32)

2. There are 2 types of kilns built on soil:

2.1 Kiln on clay with clay walls It is a furnace built on a mound. with a structure made of soil The inside of the furnace is painted with clay. in the construction of the furnace Probably used bamboo tied with hammers to make a frame to form a curved shape like the back of the stove, then use clay to cover the shape of the bamboo and set fire to burn the stove to be strong. with a trace of bamboo woven stuck in the southern part of the Takrab (Sihawat Naen Naen 1984 :20)

2.2 Brick furnace This is because the technique of constructing clay furnaces has many drawbacks. Therefore, the idea was to use bricks to build the furnace. Brick stoves can be built larger and retain more heat. A large number of brick kilns have been found in Ban Koh Noi Sangkhalok kilns. The brick kiln was built on a mound of reclamation. Brick masonry in the shape of a stove with the area adjusted to have a slope. Most of them have a slope of 10-30 degrees. The structure is similar to a horizontal heating furnace. is shaped like a hood or a hump There is a combustion chamber in the lowest part and slopes up to fill the container. and rises up into a chimney.

building a brick kiln The side of the furnace or the furnace wall and roof are made of bricks. The chimney area and the combustion chamber are made of bricks. Tee Bang Tao that is made of pipes. In the construction, soil is used as a link between the bricks. It is called the masonry. The soil used for the pencil is about 2 cm thick.

The Sangkhalok Kiln Study and Conservation Center building exhibits Sangkhalok Kiln No. 61, built for the production of earthenware. In the same area, there are 4 kilns, namely 61, 176, 177, and 178. There are 3 underground kilns, namely, Furnace No. 176 and Furnace No. 178. and the above-ground kiln is kiln number 177

The raw materials used in construction use soil as the material for all construction. The construction of a mining kiln can be built without the preparation of materials, but there is a limitation in terms of space. It is not possible to construct a very large kiln. The clay that is the wall of the stove can't support the weight of the stove, so the stove collapses easily. Soil doesn't hold heat very well. After 2-3 burns, the walls may crack. The soil is very moist. Each time the container is burned, there must be a fire inside the furnace first to reduce the humidity. A small amount of productivity Characteristics of all 4 Sangkhalok kilns in the Sangkhalok Study and Conservation Center area are divided into 2 types:

1. Horizontal hot air passage type furnace It is a long form furnace parallel to the ground, curved roof all the way to the chimney. used as fuel Can be burned at 1200 c. This type of furnace appears in Sangkhalok No. 61, No. 176, and No. 178. These 3 Sangkhalok furnaces are built by excavating from the river. foothills or mounds This mound may be a natural mound or a man-made mound.

2. Vertical hot air passage type furnace This type of furnace is round, sometimes square. It is a fuel recovery furnace with a simple construction. Can be burned at a temperature not exceeding 900C, appearing in the Sangkhalok furnace number 177

Sangkhalok kiln number 61 is used to burn tough clay vessels. both coated and uncoated However, the coating is a thin transparent coating. This is because the kiln is still unable to heat enough to burn the glaze on the barceladon.

Types of pottery, divided into

1. Tall bowl, smooth exterior wall. The inner wall has overlapping circular scuffs and vertical double scuffs.

2. Pear-shaped bottle long neck, mouth spread External clear and black lacquer Decorated with sculptural patterns on the shoulder of the container.

3. Tall jars, both coated and uncoated. garnished with scraps Scratch and paste

4. Wide-mouthed jars, found both glazed and unglazed, decorated with scratches, scuffs, presses, stamps and pastes.

5. Small jars, coated with sugar or turquoise. Mold over the handle

6. Uncoated mortar, both decorative and non-decorated, scraping around the mouth of the container.

7. A high-end, mouth-to-mouth dish ผนังด้านในมีลายขูดขีดเป็นรูปกลีบบัวหงายขนาดใหญ่ อยู่บนลายวงกลมคู่ขนานและก้นจานมีลวดลายขูดขีดเส้นคู่ในแนวตั้ง

8.       กี๋ท่อดินเผาเนื้อแกร่งมีร่องรอยการเคลือบซึ่งติดมาจากการเผาในเตาเผา

9.       แวดินเผา

การศึกษาทางด้านโบราณคดีแหล่งเตาเผาสังคโลกบ้านเกาะน้อย อำเภอศรีสัชนาลัย จังหวัดสุโขทัย พบการสร้างเตาที่มีวิวัฒนาการเป็นขั้นเป็นตอนมาเป็นลำดับ จนกระทั่งมีวิวัฒนาการขั้นสูงสุดเป็นเตาอิฐที่พบทั่วไปขั้นตอนของวิวัฒนาการนั้นใช้ระยะเวลายาวนานเป็นเครื่องยืนยันได้ว่าช่างเมืองศรีสัชนาลัยได้ผลิตภาชนะดินเผามาอย่างต่อเนืองยาวนาน

จากหลักฐานที่พบนั้นอาจสันนิษฐานได้ว่า เครื่องปั้นดินเผาในระยะเริ่มแรกนั้น น่าจะผลิตขึ้นมาตั้งแต่สมัยพ่อขุนรามคำแหง ต่อมาในช่วงสมัยพระมหาธรรมราชาลิไท คงเริ่มมีการผลิตภาชนะดินเผาที่เป็นลักษณะของการอุตสาหรรมขนาดใหญ่ในเขตตอนเหนือของเมืองศรีสัชนาลัย คือในบริเวณที่เป็นบ้านป่ายางและบ้านเกาะน้อยเพื่อเป็นสินค้าส่งออก ต่อมาเมื่อสุโขทัยตกอยู่ภายใต้อำนาจของกรุงศรีอยุธยาในราวพุทธศตวรรษที่ 21 ในระยะนี้อุตสาหกรรมการผลิตภาชนะดินเผาสังคโลกของเมืองศรีสัชนาลัยได้พัฒนาไปอีกขั้นหนึ่ง มีการปรับปรุงวิธีการผลิตสังคโลกและเทคนิคการทำเตาเผาให้ดีขึ้น however เครื่องสังคโลกมีลักษณะเฉพาะตัวแม้ว่าโดยทั่วไปจะดูเหมือนจะมีอิทธิพลของเครื่องถ้วยจีนและเวียดนาม แต่สินค้าสังคโลกก็เป็นสินค้าสำคัญในสมัยนั้นโดยมีการส่งออกทั้งทางน้ำและทางบก มีการส่งออกไปขายทั่วทั้งเอเชียโดยเฉพาะประเทศอินโดนีเซียและฟิลิปปินส์ มีการขุดค้นพบเศษเครื่อง   สังคโลกของเมืองศรีสัชนาลัยอยู่เสมอในแหล่งที่อยู่อาศัยของชุมชนโบราณ การค้าเครื่องสังคโลกน่าจะเริ่มขึ้นในพุทธศตวรรษที่ 20 เรื่อยมาจนถึงพุทธศตวรรษที่ 22 จึงได้สิ้นสุดลง