Following the execution of Charles I, the Parliamentarian forces, led by Oliver Cromwell, established the Commonwealth of England. However, the country remained divided, with Royalist forces continuing to resist the new government. The fighting resumed in earnest in 1649, with the Royalists launching several uprisings and Cromwell's forces responding with brutal repression. The conflict raged on until 1651, when Cromwell's forces decisively defeated the Royalists at the Battle of Worcester.
The English Civil Wars had a profound impact on the country, both politically and socially. The monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republic, and the power of the aristocracy was greatly reduced. The wars also led to a significant shift in religious and cultural attitudes, with the rise of Puritanism and the decline of the Church of England.