1. Dacia: Trajan's most significant military achievement was the conquest of Dacia (present-day Romania). He led two successful campaigns against the Dacian king Decebalus, resulting in the province of Dacia being added to the Roman Empire.
2. Parthian Wars: Trajan also engaged in successful campaigns against the Parthian Empire, expanding the Roman Empire into Mesopotamia.
3. Conquests in the East: Trajan also extended the empire's borders in Arabia and Armenia.
Architectural Achievements:
1. Trajan's Forum: Trajan built an impressive forum in Rome, featuring several notable structures, including the Trajan's Column, Ulpia Basilica, and the Temple of Trajan.
2. Trajan's Markets: Trajan also constructed a large market complex (Trajan's Markets) adjacent to his forum, providing space for shops and commercial activities.
3. Aqueducts and Infrastructure: Trajan improved the city of Rome's infrastructure by building aqueducts, roads, and bridges.
Administrative Reforms:
1. Legal Reforms: Trajan made several legal reforms, such as granting citizenship to non-Romans, improving legal procedures, and promoting justice and fairness.
2. Social Welfare: Trajan established the Alimenta, a welfare program providing financial support to poor and orphaned children in Italy.
3. Provincial Administration: Trajan oversaw efficient administration in Roman provinces, ensuring economic prosperity and the well-being of citizens.
Promotion of the Arts:
1. Art and Architecture: Trajan encouraged the arts, supporting the creation of sculptures, paintings, and architectural wonders that celebrated his achievements.
2. Literature: Trajan's reign also witnessed the flourishing of Roman literature, with figures like Pliny the Younger and Tacitus producing notable works.
Political Prowess:
1. Strengthening of Borders: Trajan secured and stabilized the Roman frontiers, reducing the risk of invasions and attacks.
2. Diplomatic Skills: Trajan maintained effective diplomatic relations with other nations and client kingdoms.
3. Imperial Expansion: Under his rule, the Roman Empire reached its maximum territorial extent.