1. Spanish military superiority: The Spanish had a number of advantages over the Aztecs in terms of military technology and strategy. They were equipped with firearms, which were far more powerful than the Aztecs' bows and arrows. They also had horses, which gave them a significant advantage in mobility. In addition, the Spanish were skilled in siege warfare, and they were able to use their cannons to destroy the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
2. Political disunity among the Aztecs: The Aztec Empire was not a unified state, but rather a collection of city-states that were often at war with each other. This disunity made it difficult for the Aztecs to mount a concerted defense against the Spanish.
3. Disease: The Spanish brought a number of diseases to the Americas, including smallpox, measles, and influenza. These diseases decimated the Aztec population, making it even more difficult for them to resist the Spanish invaders.
4. Spanish alliances with indigenous groups: The Spanish were able to form alliances with a number of indigenous groups who were resentful of Aztec rule. These alliances provided the Spanish with valuable support and intelligence.
5. The capture of Moctezuma: The Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés was able to capture the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in 1519. This demoralized the Aztecs and made it easier for the Spanish to conquer their empire.
In conclusion, a combination of factors contributed to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs. These factors include Spanish military superiority, political disunity among the Aztecs, disease, Spanish alliances with indigenous groups, and the capture of Moctezuma.