1. Capital Punishment (Death Penalty):
- Capital punishment was widely used for severe offenses, such as murder and treason. Executions were often public and carried out by hanging.
- In 1868, capital punishment was abolished for most crimes, except murder.
2. Transportation:
- Transportation was a common punishment for non-capital offenses. Convicts were sent to penal colonies, such as Australia, for a specified duration or for life.
- The practice gradually declined, and transportation to Australia ended in 1868.
3. Imprisonment:
- Prison sentences varied in length, depending on the severity of the crime. Hard labor was often a component of imprisonment, and conditions could be harsh, with overcrowding and poor sanitation.
- The establishment of the Pentonville Model Prison in 1842 introduced the concept of separate confinement and focused on rehabilitation through solitary confinement and religious instruction.
4. Corporal Punishment:
- Physical punishment, such as flogging and birching, was widely practiced for both adults and children.
- It was used as a deterrent for various offenses, including petty theft, vagrancy, and insubordination.
5. Public Humiliation:
- Stocks and pillories were used as forms of public humiliation. Offenders were fastened in these devices, often in public squares, and subjected to ridicule and abuse.
6. Deprivation of Civil Rights:
- Convicted criminals could lose their civil rights, including the right to vote, hold public office, or serve on juries.
7. Juvenile Reform:
- The Victorian era saw the emergence of specialized institutions for juvenile offenders, such as reformatory schools and industrial schools.
- These institutions aimed to rehabilitate and educate young offenders instead of punishing them through harsh physical means.
8. Poor Laws:
- The Poor Laws provided a system of relief for the destitute. Workhouses were established to provide shelter, food, and work to the poor.
- Conditions in workhouses were often criticized for being harsh, leading to efforts for reform.
9. Prison Reform:
- The Victorian era witnessed growing awareness of the need for prison reform. Humanitarian movements sought improvements in prison conditions, healthcare, education, and rehabilitation opportunities for prisoners.
- The Prison Act of 1877 aimed to standardize prison regulations, improve hygiene, and provide better treatment of prisoners.
The Victorian era's punitive measures reflected societal attitudes towards crime, emphasizing deterrence and retribution. However, growing concerns for social justice and humane treatment of prisoners eventually led to reforms that laid the groundwork for modern criminal justice systems.