The Scots formed a solid formation of pikemen called a schiltron. The schiltron was a tightly-packed mass of men, armed with long spears, that was difficult for the English cavalry to penetrate. The schiltrons acted as a defensive shield against the English cavalry charges, and also allowed the Scots to launch their own attacks with speed and ferocity.
Use of the Terrain
The Scots took advantage of the terrain at Bannockburn to their advantage. They positioned their schiltrons on high ground, which gave them a better view of the battlefield and made it more difficult for the English to charge up the hill. The Scots also used the natural obstacles, such as the Bannockburn stream, to their advantage. They positioned their troops so that the English would have to cross the burn before they could reach the schiltrons, which gave the Scots time to prepare for the English attack.
Surprise Attack
The Scots launched a surprise attack on the English camp in the early morning. This caught the English off guard, and they were unable to form their usual battle formations. The Scots were able to take advantage of this confusion and inflict heavy casualties on the English.
Hit-and-Run Tactics
The Scots used hit-and-run tactics to harass the English army. They would charge at the English lines, then quickly retreat before the English could counter-attack. This kept the English off balance and prevented them from forming a cohesive attack.
Morale
The Scots were highly motivated and had a strong sense of national identity. They were determined to defend their country from the English invasion, and they fought with great courage and determination. This high morale was a key factor in the Scots victory at Bannockburn.