- Before the advent of agriculture, people were nomadic, as they had to move from place to place in search of food.
- However, once they began to cultivate crops and animals, they were able to stay in one location and create permanent settlements.
- This in turn led to the development of various social, cultural, and technological advances that characterized ancient Mesopotamian civilization.
Here are some specific benefits provided by settled agriculture that contributed to permanent settlement in Mesopotamia:
1. Reliable Food Source: Farming allowed people to produce their own food, reducing dependence on hunting and gathering. This ensured a steady supply of sustenance and reduced the risks associated with seasonal changes or migrations.
2. Surplus Production: Agriculture enabled surplus food production, which supported population growth and allowed people to store food for later use, providing more stability and resilience during challenging times.
3. Trade and Commerce: Settled agriculture facilitated trade and commerce. Surplus food could be exchanged for other goods and services, leading to the emergence of markets and economic activity.
4. Urbanization and Cities: As agricultural societies flourished, they created surplus wealth, allowing for the development of specialized occupations, craftsmanship, and urban centres. Cities like Ur, Kish, and Nineveh thrived in Mesopotamia as centres of trade, culture, and governance.
5. Cultural Advancements: Permanent settlements allowed for the accumulation of knowledge, skills, and cultural practices. Writing systems, art, architecture, and scientific advancements flourished, contributing to the rich intellectual and cultural heritage of Mesopotamia.
6. Social Complexity: Settled agriculture led to social stratification, development of government, and organized systems of governance. Complex institutions like temples and palaces managed the distribution of resources and fostered societal cohesion.
7. Technological Innovations: The need for efficient farming practices led to the development of various agricultural technologies, such as irrigation systems and ploughs, which enhanced productivity and allowed large-scale cultivation.
In conclusion, the development of farming allowed people in Mesopotamia to settle down in one place all year long, leading to urbanization, a reliable food supply, trade, cultural advancements, and the rise of complex societies that laid the foundation for some of the earliest civilizations in history.